20 Opinion Essay Topics How to Write about the History of Architecture in an Interesting Way

20 Opinion Essay Topics How to Write about the History of Architecture in an Interesting Way It is a known fact that the content of an essay is determined by the subject matter to be discussed but its structure relies heavily on the topic you choose. Therefore, when writing an opinion essay, the first step to shaping your opinion and that of the reader starts with selecting a topic that wakes up the urge to learn in the reader. Writing on the history of architecture is a task that can be simplified if a topic that truly interests the reader is chosen. This article will attempt to provide you with some topics on the history of architecture which will serve as a portal into learning more about ancient cultures and their influences on the architecture of their time. Dissecting the Role of Ancient Cultures in Driving Architectural Growth Architecture in the Neolithic Era and the Birth of Modern Architectural Designs Neolithic Architecture and its Role in Human Creative Growth Spotting Religious Influences in Ancient Architectural Design Understanding the Importance of Religion in Ancient Architecture and Creative Design The Effects of Roman Architectural Innovations to Urban Planning Outlining the Architectural Innovative Feats of the Roman Era Discussing Islamic Architecture and the Cultures that Influenced it The Unchanging Face of Chinese Architecture through the Years Chinese Architecture and its far-reaching Influence Over Asia The Incan Architecture and the History of Suspension Bridges European Medieval Architecture and its Religious Influences The Need for Defense and Offense in Ancient Societies and Medieval Architecture Gothic Architecture and the Rise of the Christian Religion in Europe The Rise of Renaissance Architecture and the Structures it Inspired The Spread of Italian Renaissance Architecture and its Impact in 16th Century Europe The Impact of Aksumite Architecture across The Sahel Region The Spread of Gothic Architecture and the Role of French Architects A Study of African Architecture and its External Influences The Incan Architectural Feats and its Impact on Asian South American structures Above are the topics on the history of architecture which you can use to develop your opinion essay on ancient cultures and the architectural revolutions they birthed. You can choose any of the listed topics as yours or seek some inspiration from them. Also, we intend to provide a sample essay using a topic listed above as the inspiration behind it. So please stay tuned to learn more about writing a  great  essay. Lastly, facts from the complimentary article which provides 10 facts for an opinion essay on the history of architecture will be used in developing the sample essay in the coming paragraphs. Sample Essay: Dissecting the role of Ancient Architecture Cultures in Driving Architectural Growth The history or architecture through the ages has been replete with the cultural beliefs of the people who created the structures that defined bygone eras. In my essay, I intend to explore the role of culture as a determining factor in advancing the field of architecture as we know it. To effectively discuss culture and ancient architectural growth, I believe it is important to first understand the meaning of culture and what makes up the cultural fabric of a society. Culture is defined as the ideas, customs, religious beliefs and social behavioral patterns of a society. As man evolved from being a solitary creature to living in communities, cultural values slowly became established and were represented by art works on cave walls. With time, circa 10,000 BC, the Stone Age witnessed the first time man created architectural structures to serve as housing for the family unit. As with the art forms that defined the Stone Age, 10,000 BC architecture was also inspired by the culture of its people. Therefore, architecture in the Neolithic era consisted of stone works arranged in circular form to accommodate both prehistoric man and the domesticated animals they kept for feeding. Here, the farming and gathering culture prevalent in the Neolithic age led to partitioning the home into rooms and sections for the keeping of both plant and animal life. The need for constant trips to water grounds and to gather food also played a role in advancing the creation of road paths for easy movement. The cultural influence on architecture also continued after the prehistoric era as can be seen in the architectural forms known as Mesopotamia architecture. In ancient Egypt, the belief in multiple gods and their direct influence on every sphere of human life led to the need to create elaborate homes for these gods on earth. Therefore religion played a huge role in architectural innovation as large monuments such as the Sphinx statues- tributes to the god Ra- were ingeniously built with the use of stone, mortar as well as advanced pulley systems which were marvels at that time. European architecture is not also bereft of cultural influences. In ancient Rome, large temples were also built to accommodate the many gods that influenced the roman society. But the architects in ancient Rome took innovation a step further by building civic structures such as the amphitheatre, triumphant arch, baths and gladiatorial grounds to cater for the entertainment, learning and relaxation needs of humans. While in medieval Europe, a culture of warring, annexation and external aggression led to the building of architectural marvels dedicated to the art of defending and attacking the enemy. With the advent of Christianity and the Christian way of life, the architectural landscape of Europe changed to accommodate the building of large cathedrals using ancient roman patterns as well as the Italian renaissance techniques which integrated perspective in architectural pieces to inspire the people. Islamic architecture also took inspiration from the architecture of ancient Iran as can be seen from the recurrent use of large domes and spires in the building of mosques. Finally, African architecture in the colonial era is a great indication of the effects of culture in architecture. This is because it integrated African, European, Christian, Arabic and Islamic cultures in the architectural masterpieces that can be seen across the continent. References: Fletcher, B. (1961). A History of architecture on the Comparative Method. 1st ed. New York: Scribner. Harland, J. and Bell, W. (2003). The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development. The Classical Weekly, 46(16), p.242. Sales Carbonell, J. (2014). Roman Spectacles Buildings as a Setting for   Martyrdom and its Consequences in Christian Architecture . Journal of Ancient Architecture and Archaeology. Buiskikh, A. (2007). On the Question of the Stylistic Influences reflected in the Architecture and Art of Chersonesos: Snake-legged Goddess or Rankenfrau. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia, 13(3), pp.157-181. Shilliam, R. (2015). Colonial Architecture or Relatable Hinterlands? Locke, Nandy, Fanon, and the Bandung Spirit. Constellations, 23(3), pp.425-435. Williams, K. (2014). Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt by Giulio Magli. Nexus Network Journal, 16(3), pp.825-828. Amirkhani, A., Okhovat, H. and Zamani, E. (2010). Ancient Pigeon Houses: Remarkable Example of the Asian culture crystallized in the architecture of Iran and central Anatolia. Asian Culture and History, 2(2).

Free Essays on Blink 182 Speech

Sci: Blink 182 is a punk band with very expolsive history. Introduction: I'm sure you all have heard that song "Whats My Age Again" by Blink 182. But there is more to Blink 182 than most people know. You may think, "How is this possible? They're on MTV and played on the radio." Well, they have 6 CDs, over 10 music videos and more music that you can imagine. I'd bet you will find that this band has made good music from the beginning, even before they where famous. I. The Band A.Mark Hoppus 1.Mark Huppos is the bass guitar player and vocals for Blink 182. 2. Mark was born on March 15, 1972 in California 3. When Mark was 15, he recevied his first bass guitar and amp from his dad for helping paint his house. 4.He met 14 year old Tom Delong in 1991. 5. Mark started college to become an english teacher but once the band was making enough money to support him he dropped out and became a full time musician. B.Tom Delong 1. Tom Delong is the guitar player and other vocalist for Blink 182 2. Tom was born December 17, 1975 in San Diego, California 3. He started playing guitar at a very young age. C. Scott Rayner 1. Scott Rayner was the original drummer for Blink 182 2. In 1997 Scott left the band under pressure from his family to gain his high school diploma. D. Travis Barker 1.Travis Barker was born on November 14, 1975 2. He started playing drums before he can even remember 3. Travis was in a band called the Aquabats previous to being in Blink 182. 4. Travis Barker joined the band in 1997 after Scott Rayner quit. II. The Band History A. Blink started in 1992 when Mark Hoppus, Tom Delong, and Scott Rayner came togather to form "Blink" B. At the first the band was just called "Blink" and was an ordinary high school band. C. Originally Blink played local shows in the San Deigo Punk scene. D. Blink was known for their power packed shows and livley performances. E. In 1994 with t... Free Essays on Blink 182 Speech Free Essays on Blink 182 Speech Sci: Blink 182 is a punk band with very expolsive history. Introduction: I'm sure you all have heard that song "Whats My Age Again" by Blink 182. But there is more to Blink 182 than most people know. You may think, "How is this possible? They're on MTV and played on the radio." Well, they have 6 CDs, over 10 music videos and more music that you can imagine. I'd bet you will find that this band has made good music from the beginning, even before they where famous. I. The Band A.Mark Hoppus 1.Mark Huppos is the bass guitar player and vocals for Blink 182. 2. Mark was born on March 15, 1972 in California 3. When Mark was 15, he recevied his first bass guitar and amp from his dad for helping paint his house. 4.He met 14 year old Tom Delong in 1991. 5. Mark started college to become an english teacher but once the band was making enough money to support him he dropped out and became a full time musician. B.Tom Delong 1. Tom Delong is the guitar player and other vocalist for Blink 182 2. Tom was born December 17, 1975 in San Diego, California 3. He started playing guitar at a very young age. C. Scott Rayner 1. Scott Rayner was the original drummer for Blink 182 2. In 1997 Scott left the band under pressure from his family to gain his high school diploma. D. Travis Barker 1.Travis Barker was born on November 14, 1975 2. He started playing drums before he can even remember 3. Travis was in a band called the Aquabats previous to being in Blink 182. 4. Travis Barker joined the band in 1997 after Scott Rayner quit. II. The Band History A. Blink started in 1992 when Mark Hoppus, Tom Delong, and Scott Rayner came togather to form "Blink" B. At the first the band was just called "Blink" and was an ordinary high school band. C. Originally Blink played local shows in the San Deigo Punk scene. D. Blink was known for their power packed shows and livley performances. E. In 1994 with t...

Safety Net In Storytelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety Net In Storytelling - Essay Example With my enthusiasm to please my audience, I always want to convey the story as exciting and thrilling as I want yet I struggle with the fact that my delivery gets boring at some point. I am always disappointed with the sight of my listeners drowsy and uninterested. With all these fears and weaknesses, I find the article about safety net very helpful. It reminds me that most of my worries are also faced by almost all people and that there are certain ways to overcome them. My dilemma of mental block and forgetfulness when it comes to delivering a story is addressed by the article. I intend to put what I have learned in practice by avoiding my tendency of announcing that I actually forgot what happens next. When faced with forgetfulness, I have had developed the habit of apologizing about my forgetfulness. I have to still show confidence in myself, showing the audience that I am still in control in spite of the embarrassing situation through the other various techniques described. The struggle of keeping the storyline exciting at all times can be remedied by not promising to tell the story to the audience but announcing that I will be telling a story. I also think that allowing the audience to participate in boring scenes by asking their ideas will get the boredom out of them and at least keep them awake. Also, I believe that having a personal interest in what I am talking about will not only enable me to remember everything but will also make every single scene and part exciting.

Administrative corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrative corruption - Research Paper Example Lastly, the paper will explore the consequences of corruption and ways to deal with these consequences. Nevertheless, this essay focuses on presenting a discussion regarding administrative corruption in terms of types, cause, effects, and consequences. Definition According to Myint (3) corruption in its basic form regards to a form of dishonesty or fraudulent behaviors, by people in power, which may involve bribery, bribery, nepotism, extortion, embezzlement, and favoritism or involvement in actions that make people to be morally depraved. Types One of the forms of corruption is bribery that receives a substantial share of references, whereby people a bribe as money or favors for influencing a public official and it is in form of fixed sum, percentage of contracts favor in money in kind that is given to a state official. It also related to the bribe given to a state official to make a contract on behave of the state or business with a distribution of the benefits to the companies or the clients. The other type of corruption is nepotism that occurs when the administrative offices favor their relatives or close friends for a position in organization; especially if they hold a high position that involves decision making. This form of corruption is natural to human beings, whereby they can give preferential treatment to their family members and friends. For example when a student is a relative to the principal and the teachers are reporting low marks in subjects he is taking, the principal can change the low marks to high marks, thus falling a victim of the temptations of nepotism. The other example of corruption involves police receiving of bribe from corrupt individuals to earn a favors by breaking the law, fencing stolen goods and others like extortions by police officers. Police may also engage in violation of individuals rights either by use of excessive physical force which is brutality, discriminatory arrest, or verbal harassment. Causes The first cause of c orruption is increases in the level of poverty in the society, whereby only the rich are favored, while the poor continues to sail in their boat of thrifty (Myint, 5). Apparently, this hinders them from enjoying their rights as citizens of a given country. Therefore, it becomes extremely complicated when it comes to dealing with the corruption in the in various administrative departments. For instance, police may receive bribes from public transport vehicles where by ignoring the vehicles (Myint, 6). They do not arrest those drivers that are over speeding, this being one of the main causes of accidents. The other cause of corruption has also been evident through effects of political influence on administrative officers with differentiated political affiliations (Myint, 8). Certain politicians manipulate the some administrative officers in order to achieve their inclinations by using bribes, threats and nepotism; thus, politicians and leaders have increased ability to perpetrate corr uption in the society, and this has negative impact on members of the society. Effects Corruption in organizations has economic effects on the community relating to categorization of being major or minor, though both of them have a serious impact on the individual community. Corruption results to depletion of resources or the national wealth, thus taking the responsibility for the increase in the cost of commodities, funneling of scarce public resources, leading to uneconomic projects at the expense of the need projects by the public such as schools, hospitals and improvement of infrastructure in the society, and it also contributes to misallocation of resource, conversion of

Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elections - Essay Example 4) Biden gave both opening and closing statements, Ryan was defensive, and it was a one sided victory by Biden. 3)The feisty Republican candidate relentlessly criticized and thrashed the opponent Democratic ways, policies and leadership style i.e. Obama care, Libya, economy etc (Espo, and Daly). But on matters such as Taxes, Foreign Policy, American values, he gave baffled answers. The first question out of three that were more prominent was: Biden was anti-war like Obama and said clearly that the last thing that America needed was another war, while Ryan, like Romney said they would continue to increase troops and forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, and they do foresee a war in the making with Iran due to Iran-U.S clashes. 2) Secondly, Ryan defended well, the fiery questions from Biden, about his Taxes plans and Federal Policy facts 3) Ryan was not able to retain his composure upon questions regarding Foreign policy matters especially the Middle East situation, and National security mat ters such as combating terrorism (Miles). Ryan had the edge over Biden from the start by 42% to 25% margin (Espo, and Daly). But due to his young age and lack of experience and political insight, he failed to get a strong grip of the debate and ended up being wonky and puzzled about questions regarding their tax related policies and foreign policy predictions. I am personally in favor of Biden’s take on all over the debate issues, as he tackled the situations with a lot of reason and logic, and without exaggeration he had facts and figures to support his arguments, and his age, experience and Political know how helped him immensely, to get the audiences’ attention. 4)Although, it is hard to decide which candidate won the debate, as both had their strong and weak moments, but Biden had a clear, easily sensed edge over his rival Ryan. Ryan sounded wonky, less expressive, less concrete and lacking in political rationale. Part 4) 4)2012 results VOTES % WON Barack Obama 62, 611,250 50.6% Mitt Romney 59,134,475 47.8 Others 1,968,682 1.6 (Andrews et al ). SOURCE: AP. Map Barack Obama won the United States Election 2012 by leading from the front, either of the candidates, Barack H. Obama, and Mitt Romney, had to secure 270 seats to achieve the highly anticipated victory. Barack Obama won with 332 Electoral Votes, while Mitt Romney ended up with 206 Votes (Andrews et al ). The Map Analysis prior to the close Electoral Campaign shows that President Obama  carries a momentous, edge over former Massachusetts governor  Mitt Romney  in the battle for 270 electoral votes this fall, according to the first detailed analysis of the map conducted by the Fix ( Chris , and Aaron Blake ) Obama starts the general election with 15 states (plus the District of Columbia) and 196 electoral votes strengthen him while Romney begins with 21 states and 170 electoral votes firmly in his corner. (One of the states sturdily for Romney is Indiana, where Obama won in 2008 but no one expects a repeat performance in 2012). Another three states — Pennsylvania (20 electoral votes), Michigan (16) and New Mexico (5) — incline toward Obama while Arizona (11) and Missouri (10) lean toward Romney. Adding them up lends Obama 237 electoral votes and Romney 191 electoral votes. (Chris, and Aaron Blake) The SWING States: While Obama was a much likely candidate than Romney, victory will be decided by the nine swing states —

Incident Handling on Cloud Computing

Incident Handling on Cloud Computing Introduction Cloud Computing Cloud computing provides people the way to share distributed resources and services that belong to different organizations or sites.As cloud computing allocate the divided possessions by means of the systems in the released surroundings. Thats why it creates the safety issues for us to expand the cloud computing application. Cloud computing is explained by NIST as the representation for allow suitable, on demand arrangements for right to entry to a collective pool of settings the calculative Possessions. All these like networks, servers, storage, application and services is continuously planned and free with less supervisory activities or cloud supplier communication. Cloud computing is taken as a innovative calculating concept up to now. It permitted the use of calculating communication with more than one stage of thoughts. The spot requirement of these services is offered online at fewer prices. Reason is that the insinuation for the high elasticity and accessibility. Cloud computing is the main topic which will be getting the good manner of concentration recently. Cloud computing services gives advantages from financial systems of all range accomplished. With this the flexible utilization of possessions, occupation and others work competency. However, cloud computing is an emerging forming of distributed computing that is still in its infancy. The concept uses of its own all the levels of explanations and analysis. Most of the concepts has been written regarding cloud computing, its explanation. Its main aim is to search the major paradigm of the utilization and given that common classification for Concepts and significant details of the services. A public cloud is the major one which has the communication and other calculative possessions. This consists of making obtainable to the common people online. This is known by all the cloud servicer who is doing the marketing. Its by giving explanation of the outsider industries. On the other hand of the range is the confidential cloud. The confidential cloud is the one in which the calculating surroundings is generated completely for the industry. This can handled by industry or by the third party. This can be hosted under the industries information centre which is within or outside of it. The private cloud provides the industry a good control on the communication and calculative sources as compared to public cloud. There is other operational models which lies between the private and public cloud. These are community cloud and hybrid cloud. The community cloud is mainly related to private cloud. On the other hand the communication and calculative sources will be mutual by various industries that are having a similar confidentiality and regulatory thoughts. Instead they are exclusively checking the one industry. The hybrid cloud is mainly the blend of two or more than two clouds i.e. (private, community, or public) this Become the uncommon bodies which are stringed to each other by harmonized or proprietary technology which allows interoperability. Same as the various operational models which impacts to the industrial range and organized surroundings. Thats why this model gives assistance to the cloud which impacts it. Three well-known and frequently-used service models are the following: Software-as-a-Service. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is an on demand software services in which user gets access to the required software thorough some intermediate client like browser using internet. Software platform and relevant files are stored centrally. It drastically reduces the total cost of software for the user as it does not require user to incur any infrastructure cost which include hardware installation cost, maintenance cost and operating cost. Subscribers of these services are only given limited control related to the desired software including any preference selection and administrative setting. They do not have any control over the underlying cloud infrastructure. Platform-as-a-Service. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is an on demand platform delivery model. In this user is provided with the complete software platform which is used by the subscriber to develop and deploy software. It also result in considerable saving for the subscriber as he does not have to incur costs related to buying and managing of complicated hardware and software components required to support the software development platform. The special purpose development environment is tailored to the specific needs of the subscriber by the cloud service provider. Good enough controls are given to the subscriber to aid in smooth development of software. Infrastructure-as-a-Service. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is an on demand infrastructure delivery services. In this host of computing servers, softwares, and network equipments are provided. This infrastructure is used to establish platform to develop and execute software. Subscriber can cut down his cost to bare minimum by avoiding any purchase of hardware and software components. Subscribers is given quite a lot of flexibility to choose various infrastructural components as per the requirements. Cloud subscriber controls the maximum security features. Figure illustrates the differences in scope and control between the cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Given central diagram shows the five conceptual layers of a cloud environment which apply to public clouds and other deployments models The arrows at the left and right of the diagram denote the approximate range of the cloud providers and users scope and control over the cloud environment for each service model. Cloud subscribers extent of control over the system is determined by the level of support provided by the cloud provider. Higher the support by cloud provider lower is the scope and control of the subscriber. Physical elements of cloud environment are shown by two lower layers of the diagram. These physical elements are completely controlled by cloud provider irrespective of the service model. The facility layer which is the lowest layer comprises of Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the physical plant whereas hardware layers comprises of network , storage and other physical computing infrastructure elements The logical elements of a cloud environment is denoted by other layers The virtualized infrastructure layer lead to software components, such as hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data storage, and supporting middleware elements required to setup a capable infrastructure to establish efficient computing platform While virtual machine technology is commonly used at this layer, other means of providing the necessary software abstractions are not precluded. Similarly, the platform architecture layer entails compilers, libraries, utilities, and other software tools and development environments needed to implement applications. The application layer represents deployed software applications targeted towards end-user software clients or other programs, and made available via the cloud. Iaas ans Paas as services are very close and difference between them is quite vague. Basically these are distinguished by the kind of support environment, level of support and control allocation between cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Main thrust of cloud computing is not only limited to single organization but also extends as a vehicle for outsourcing various components as public cloud. been to provide a vehicle for outsourcing parts of that environment to an outside party as a public cloud. Through any outsource of information technology services, relates survived in relation to any connotation for system safety and isolation. The main issue centres on the risks associated with moving important applications or data from within the confines of the Industries calculating centre which is of different other company (i.e. a public cloud). That is easily available to the normal people Decreasing prise and increasing proficiency is the main concerns. These two are the chief inspirations for stepping towards the public cloud. On the other hand deceasing accountability for the safety should not depend on it. Finally the industry is responsible for all safety issues of the outsourced services. Observing and addressing the safety problems which go increase will be at the sight of industry. Some of the major issue like performances and accessibility. Because cloud computing brings with it new security challenges, it is essential for an organization to oversee and Administer in which manner the cloud servicer handles and prevent the computing environment and provides guarantee of safety. Incidents an event is any observable occurrence in a system or network. Events include a user connecting to a file, a server receiving a request for a Web page, a user sending electronic mail, and a firewall blocking a connection attempt. Unfavorable occasion are the one which has unhelpful results. For instance: crashes, network packet floods and unauthorized utilization. of system privileges, unauthorized access to sensitive data, and execution of malicious code that destroys data. A system safety occasion is actually a contravention or forthcoming danger of breach of system safety strategy, suitable utilization policies and modeled safety policies. The terminology for these incidents is helpful to the small business owner for understanding service and product offerings Denial of Service- An attacker directs hundreds of external compromised workstations to send as many ping requests as possible to a business network, swamping the system. Malicious Code- A worm is able to quickly infect several hundred workstations within an organization by taking advantage of a vulnerability that is present in many of the companys unpatched computers. Unauthorized Access- An attacker runs a piece of â€Å"evil† software to gain access to a servers password file. The attacker then obtains unauthorized administrator-level access to a system and the sensitive data it contains, either stealing the data for future use or blackmailing the firm for its return. Inappropriate Usage- An employee provides illegal copies of software to others through peer-to-peer file sharing services, accesses pornographic or hate-based websites or threatens another person through email. Incident Handling: Incident handling can be divided into six phases: preparation, identification, containment, eradication, recovery, and follow-up. Step 1: Preparation: In the heat of the moment, when an incident has been discovered, decision-making may be haphazard. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is an on demand software services in which user gets access to the required software thorough some intermediate client like browser using internet. Software platform and relevant files are stored centrally. It drastically reduces the total cost of software for the user as it does not require user to incur any infrastructure cost which include hardware installation cost, maintenance cost and operating cost. Subscribers of these services are only given limited control related to the desired software including any preference selection and administrative setting. They do not have any control over the underlying cloud infrastructure. Platform-as-a-Service. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is an on demand platform delivery model. In this user is provided with the complete software platform which is used by the subscriber to develop and deploy software. It also result in considerable saving for the subscriber as he does not have to incur costs related to buying and managing of complicated hardware and software components required to support the software development platform. The special purpose development environment is tailored to the specific needs of the subscriber by the cloud service provider. Good enough controls are given to the subscriber to aid in smooth development of software. Infrastructure-as-a-Service. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is an on demand infrastructure delivery services. In this host of computing servers, softwares, and network equipments are provided. This infrastructure is used to establish platform to develop and execute software. Subscriber can cut down his cost to bare minimum by avoiding any purchase of hardware and software components. Subscribers is given quite a lot of flexibility to choose various infrastructural components as per the requirements. Cloud subscriber controls the maximum security features. Figure illustrates the differences in scope and control between the cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Given central diagram shows the five conceptual layers of a cloud environment which apply to public clouds and other deployments models The arrows at the left and right of the diagram denote the approximate range of the cloud providers and users scope and control over the cloud environment for each service model. Cloud subscribers extent of control over the system is determined by the level of support provided by the cloud provider. Higher the support by cloud provider lower is the scope and control of the subscriber. Physical elements of cloud environment are shown by two lower layers of the diagram. These physical elements are completely controlled by cloud provider irrespective of the service model. The facility layer which is the lowest layer comprises of Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the physical plant whereas hardware layers comprises of network , storage and other physical computing infrastructure elements The logical elements of a cloud environment is denoted by other layers The virtualized infrastructure layer lead to software components, such as hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data storage, and supporting middleware elements required to setup a capable infrastructure to establish efficient computing platform While virtual machine technology is commonly used at this layer, other means of providing the necessary software abstractions are not precluded. Similarly, the platform architecture layer entails compilers, libraries, utilities, and other software tools and development environments needed to implement applications. The application layer represents deployed software applications targeted towards end-user software clients or other programs, and made available via the cloud. Iaas ans Paas as services are very close and difference between them is quite vague. Basically these are distinguished by the kind of support environment, level of support and control allocation between cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Main thrust of cloud computing is not only limited to single organization but also extends as a vehicle for outsourcing various components as public cloud. Delete the reason of the event. Position the latest clean back up (to prepare for the computer mending) Step 5: Recovery: This phase ensures that the system is returned to a fully operational status. The following steps should be taken in the recovery phase: Restore the system. Authenticate the machine The machine will be re-established then there should be the process of verification of the operations. After this the machine should be reverse to its normal behaviour. Organisation can take decision on leaving the monitor offline when the system is operating and patches installation. Watch the computer. When the monitor is reverse to online, it start the system for backdoors which avoids findings. Step 6: Follow-Up: This stage is significant for recognizing the message delivered and it will reduce the future happenings. Build the explained event report and gives the duplicates to the management. The operating units IT security Officer and the Department of Commerces IT Security Program Manager. Provide the optional alteration to the management. Execute the accepted activities. Post-Incident If the organization has a post-incident lessons learned process, they may want the cloud vendor to be involved in this process. What agreements will the organization need with the cloud provider for the lessons learned process? If the cloud provider has a lessons learned process, does management have concerns regarding information reported or shared relating to the organization? The cloud vendor will not be able to see much of the companys processes, capabilities or maturity. The company may have concerns regarding how much of its internal foibles to share. If there are concerns, get agreement internally first, then negotiate them, if possible, and have them written into the contract. If the vendor will not or cannot meet the customers process requirements, what steps will the organization need to take? An IH team collects and analyzes incident process metrics for trend and process improvement purposes. Like any other organization, the cloud provider will be collecting objective and subjective information regarding IH processes. As NIST points out, the useof this data is for a variety of purposes, including justifying additional funding of the incident response team. Will the organization need this IH process metric data from the provider to enable a complete understanding of the integration area in case the organization ever has a need to bring the cloud function back in-house? Will the organization need this data for reporting and process improvement in general? The use of this data is also for understanding trends related to attacks targeting the organization. Would the lack of this attack trend data leave the organization unacceptably exposed to risk? Determine what IH process metric data is required by the team and write it into the contract. The organization will need to decide if they require provisions with the cloud provider regarding their evidence retention policies. Will the vendor keep the evidence long enough to meet the organizations requirements? If not, will the organization need to bring the cloud vendors evidence in-house? Will the vendor allow the customer to take custody of the evidence? If the vendor retains the evidence longer than the customer policies dictate does this work create risk for the customer? If so, what recourse does the customer have? Legal counsel will need to provide direction in this area in order to ensure compliance with laws for all jurisdictions. Background: Cloud computing has built on industry developments dating from the 1980s by leveraging outsourced infrastructure services, hosted applications and software as a service (Owens, 2010). In the all parts, the techniques used are not original. Yet, in aggregate, it is something very different. The differences provide both benefits and problems for the organization integrating with the cloud. The addition of elasticity and pay-as-you-go to this collection of technologies makes cloud computing compelling to CIOs in companies of all sizes. Cloud integration presents unique challenges to incident handlers as well as to those responsible for preparing and negotiating the contract for cloud services. The challenges are further complicated when there is a prevailing perception that the cloud integration is â€Å"inside the security Edge or the organisation has been stated in written that a agreement needed the supplier to be safe, this must be sufficient. This sort of thinking may be naà ¯ve but, unfortunately, it is not rare. The cloud provider may have a great deal of built in security or they may not. Whether they do or not, incident handling (IH) teams will eventually face incidents related to the integration, necessitating planning for handling incidents in this new environment. The impacts of cloud integration warrant a careful analysis by an organization before implementation. An introduction of a disruptive technology such as cloud computing can make both definition and documentation of services, policies, and procedures unclear in a given environment. The IH team may find that it is helpful to go through the same process that the team initially followed when establishing their IH capability. Security Incident The term security incident used in this guideline refers to any incident related to information security. It refers to information leakage that will be undesirable to the interests of the Government or an adverse event in an information system and/or network that poses a threat to computer or network security in respect of availability, integrity and confidentiality. On the other hand, the worse incidents like natural calamity, power cuts and data line failure. . are not within the scope of this guideline, and should be addressed by the system maintenance and disaster recovery plan. Examples of security incidents include: unauthorized access, unauthorized utilization of services, denial of resources, disruption of services, compromise of protected data / program / network system privileges, leaks of classified data in electronic form, malicious destruction or modification of data / information, penetration and intrusion, misuse of system resources, computer viruses and hoaxes, and malicious codes or scripts affecting networked systems. Security Incident Handling Security incident handlingis a set of continuous processes governing the activities before, during and after a security incident occurs. Security incident handling begins with the planning and preparing for the resources, and developing proper procedures to be followed, such as the escalation and security incident response procedures. When a security incident is detected, security incident response is made by the responsible parties following the predefined procedures The safety events gave the response which is representing the actions accepted out to handle the safety events. These are mainly helpful to re-establish the common operations. Specific incident response teams are usually established to perform the tasks of making security incident response. When the incident is over, follow up actions will be taken to evaluate the incident and to strengthen security protection to prevent recurrence. The planning and preparation tasks will be reviewed and revised accordingly to ensure that there are sufficient resources (including manpower, equipment and technical knowledge) and properly defined procedures to deal with similar incidents in future. Cloud Service The outlook on cloud computing services can vary significantly among organizations, because of inherent differences These events as its main aim, assets held and open to the domestic risks faced and risk bearable. For example, a government organization that mainly handles data about individual citizens of the country has different security objectives than a government organization that does not. Similarly, the security objectives of a government organization that prepares and disseminates information for public consumption are different from one that deals mainly with classified information for its own internal use. From a risk perspective, determining the suitability of cloud services for an organization is not possible without understanding the context in which the organization operates and the consequences from the plausible threats it faces. The set of security objectives of an organization, therefore, is a key factor for decisions about outsourcing information technology services and, In specific, in order to make genuine decisions related to industries sources about the public cloud. The cloud calculating particular servicer and the service arrangements for the organization. There are lot of things which works for one industry but not for other. Not only this some pragmatic thoughtfulness. Many industries will not afford economically to save all calculative sources and possessions at all highest degree possible and must prioritize available options based on cost as well as criticality and sensitivity. When keeping the strong advantages of public cloud computing, it is indispensable to focus of safety. Significantly the safety of industry security goals is of major concern, so that the future decisions can be made accordingly. Finally the conclusion on the cloud computing rely on the risk analysis of the trade included. Service Agreements Specifications for public cloud services and service arrangements are generally called Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The SLA presents the thoughtfulness among the cloud subscriber and cloud provider related to the known range of services. This is to be delivered in the range that the servicer is not able to provide at different range defined. There are typical forms of a part of the different levels of services. The specific is the overall services contract or the services agreement. The terms of service cover other important details such as licensing of services, criteria for acceptable use, Provisional procrastination, boundaries of all responsibility, security policies and alterations in that period of service. The main aim of this report is the period of SLA which is utilize for the services agreement in its entity. There are two types of SLAs exists: i.e. which is non defined and non negotiable contract the other is negotiated agreement. Non-variable contracts is the many ways on the basis for the financial level which is enjoyed by the public cloud computing. The terms which are agreed fully by cloud provider but with some offerings, the service provider has also the capability to do the changes. Negotiated SLAs are more like traditional information technology outsourcing contracts. These SLAs can be employed to deal with corporations apprehension about technical controls, procedures, security procedures and privacy policy such as the vetting of employees,data ownership and exit rights, isolation of tenant applications, data encryption and segregation, tracking and reporting service effectiveness, compliance with laws and regulations (e.g., Federal Information Security Management Act), and the deployment of appropriate products following international or national standards (e.g., Federal Information Processing Standard 140-2 for cryptographic modules). A negotiated SLA for critical data and application might require an agency A negotiated SLA is less cost effective because of the inherent cost of negotiation which can significantly disturb and have a negative impact on the economies of scale, which is main asset a non-negotiable SLA bring to the public cloud computing. Result of a negotiation is based on the size of the corporation and the magnitude of influence it can exert. Irrespective of the type of SLA, it is very necessary to obtain pertinent legal and technical advice to make sure terms of service meets the need of the organization. The Security Upside While the biggest obstacle facing public cloud computing is security, the cloud computing paradigm provides opportunities for thinking out of the box solutions to improve overall security of the corporation. Small corporations are going to have the biggest advantage from the cloud computing services as small companies have limited staff and infrastructure support to compete with bigger organization on fronts of technology and economies of scale. Potential areas of improvement where organizations may derive security benefits from transitioning to a public cloud computing environment include the following: Staff Specialization. Just like corporations with large-scale computing facilities, cloud providers provides an break to staff toto specialize in security, privacy, and other areas of high interest and concern to the organization. Increases in the scale of computing induce specialization, which in turn allows security staff to shed other duties and concentrate exclusively on security issues. Through increased specialization, there is an opportunity for staff members gain in-depth experience, take remedial actions, and make security improvements more readily than otherwise would be possible with a diverse set of duties. Platform Strength. The structure of cloud computing platforms is typically more uniform than that of most traditional computing centers. Greater uniformity and homogeneity facilitate platform hardening and enable better automation of security management activities like configuration control, vulnerability testing, security audits, and security patching of platform components. Information assurance and security response activities also profit from a uniform, homogeneous cloud infrastructure, as do system management activities, such as fault management, load balancing, and system maintenance. Many cloud providers meet standards for operational compliance and certification in areas like healthcare (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)), finance (e.g., Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)) and audit (e.g., Statement on Auditing Standards No. 70 Resource Availability. The scalability of the cloud computing facilities permits the greatest consideration. Unemployment and calamity healing capability is building into the cloud computing surroundings. The different sources ability would be utilizing for better flexibility while facing higher demands or divided rejection of servicer and for faster improvement from Severe events When any event happens, the occasion survived again to collect the data. The large data is easily available with good explanation and less effect on construction. On the other hand the pliability might be having different results. For Instance: a non successful person divided the rejection of service attackers which can consume fast. Support and Improvement. The encouragement and revival strategy and processes of a cloud services might be better than that of the industry. In case the different duplicates are maintained in the assorted natural features can be healthier. Information stored within the cloud would be easily available which is easy to store and highly reliable. In different situation it proved to be maintained in a traditional information centre. In such situation, cloud services could means for offsite encouragement data collection. Mainly the network performance on the net and the usage of the data involved are preventing the issue which impacted the re-establishment. The structure of a cloud solution spreads to the consumer at the service endpoints. This utilizes to access the hosted submission. Cloud consumer is based on browser and on application. However the main calculative sources need to be held by the cloud provider. Consumer is normally low weight calculation and easily handled. The laptops, notebook and net books are well embedded devices like smart mobile phones, tablets and personal digital help. Information Awareness. Information prepared and developed in the cloud would be able to show low risk to the industry. There are lot of risk involved in the industry, different information are transferring on various systems. Portable systems or transferrable media is out in the field, where the loss of devices and theft occurs frequently. Many industries have made the evolution to handle the availability to the industry. So many industries have already made the evolution to hold the availability to the organizational information. In addition to calculating the stage or alternative for domestic submission and public cloud services like target on providing security and safety to other calculating surroundings. Information Midpoint Familiarize. Cloud services would be able to utilize the safety information centres. For instance: e-mail can be t Incident Handling on Cloud Computing Incident Handling on Cloud Computing Introduction Cloud Computing Cloud computing provides people the way to share distributed resources and services that belong to different organizations or sites.As cloud computing allocate the divided possessions by means of the systems in the released surroundings. Thats why it creates the safety issues for us to expand the cloud computing application. Cloud computing is explained by NIST as the representation for allow suitable, on demand arrangements for right to entry to a collective pool of settings the calculative Possessions. All these like networks, servers, storage, application and services is continuously planned and free with less supervisory activities or cloud supplier communication. Cloud computing is taken as a innovative calculating concept up to now. It permitted the use of calculating communication with more than one stage of thoughts. The spot requirement of these services is offered online at fewer prices. Reason is that the insinuation for the high elasticity and accessibility. Cloud computing is the main topic which will be getting the good manner of concentration recently. Cloud computing services gives advantages from financial systems of all range accomplished. With this the flexible utilization of possessions, occupation and others work competency. However, cloud computing is an emerging forming of distributed computing that is still in its infancy. The concept uses of its own all the levels of explanations and analysis. Most of the concepts has been written regarding cloud computing, its explanation. Its main aim is to search the major paradigm of the utilization and given that common classification for Concepts and significant details of the services. A public cloud is the major one which has the communication and other calculative possessions. This consists of making obtainable to the common people online. This is known by all the cloud servicer who is doing the marketing. Its by giving explanation of the outsider industries. On the other hand of the range is the confidential cloud. The confidential cloud is the one in which the calculating surroundings is generated completely for the industry. This can handled by industry or by the third party. This can be hosted under the industries information centre which is within or outside of it. The private cloud provides the industry a good control on the communication and calculative sources as compared to public cloud. There is other operational models which lies between the private and public cloud. These are community cloud and hybrid cloud. The community cloud is mainly related to private cloud. On the other hand the communication and calculative sources will be mutual by various industries that are having a similar confidentiality and regulatory thoughts. Instead they are exclusively checking the one industry. The hybrid cloud is mainly the blend of two or more than two clouds i.e. (private, community, or public) this Become the uncommon bodies which are stringed to each other by harmonized or proprietary technology which allows interoperability. Same as the various operational models which impacts to the industrial range and organized surroundings. Thats why this model gives assistance to the cloud which impacts it. Three well-known and frequently-used service models are the following: Software-as-a-Service. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is an on demand software services in which user gets access to the required software thorough some intermediate client like browser using internet. Software platform and relevant files are stored centrally. It drastically reduces the total cost of software for the user as it does not require user to incur any infrastructure cost which include hardware installation cost, maintenance cost and operating cost. Subscribers of these services are only given limited control related to the desired software including any preference selection and administrative setting. They do not have any control over the underlying cloud infrastructure. Platform-as-a-Service. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is an on demand platform delivery model. In this user is provided with the complete software platform which is used by the subscriber to develop and deploy software. It also result in considerable saving for the subscriber as he does not have to incur costs related to buying and managing of complicated hardware and software components required to support the software development platform. The special purpose development environment is tailored to the specific needs of the subscriber by the cloud service provider. Good enough controls are given to the subscriber to aid in smooth development of software. Infrastructure-as-a-Service. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is an on demand infrastructure delivery services. In this host of computing servers, softwares, and network equipments are provided. This infrastructure is used to establish platform to develop and execute software. Subscriber can cut down his cost to bare minimum by avoiding any purchase of hardware and software components. Subscribers is given quite a lot of flexibility to choose various infrastructural components as per the requirements. Cloud subscriber controls the maximum security features. Figure illustrates the differences in scope and control between the cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Given central diagram shows the five conceptual layers of a cloud environment which apply to public clouds and other deployments models The arrows at the left and right of the diagram denote the approximate range of the cloud providers and users scope and control over the cloud environment for each service model. Cloud subscribers extent of control over the system is determined by the level of support provided by the cloud provider. Higher the support by cloud provider lower is the scope and control of the subscriber. Physical elements of cloud environment are shown by two lower layers of the diagram. These physical elements are completely controlled by cloud provider irrespective of the service model. The facility layer which is the lowest layer comprises of Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the physical plant whereas hardware layers comprises of network , storage and other physical computing infrastructure elements The logical elements of a cloud environment is denoted by other layers The virtualized infrastructure layer lead to software components, such as hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data storage, and supporting middleware elements required to setup a capable infrastructure to establish efficient computing platform While virtual machine technology is commonly used at this layer, other means of providing the necessary software abstractions are not precluded. Similarly, the platform architecture layer entails compilers, libraries, utilities, and other software tools and development environments needed to implement applications. The application layer represents deployed software applications targeted towards end-user software clients or other programs, and made available via the cloud. Iaas ans Paas as services are very close and difference between them is quite vague. Basically these are distinguished by the kind of support environment, level of support and control allocation between cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Main thrust of cloud computing is not only limited to single organization but also extends as a vehicle for outsourcing various components as public cloud. been to provide a vehicle for outsourcing parts of that environment to an outside party as a public cloud. Through any outsource of information technology services, relates survived in relation to any connotation for system safety and isolation. The main issue centres on the risks associated with moving important applications or data from within the confines of the Industries calculating centre which is of different other company (i.e. a public cloud). That is easily available to the normal people Decreasing prise and increasing proficiency is the main concerns. These two are the chief inspirations for stepping towards the public cloud. On the other hand deceasing accountability for the safety should not depend on it. Finally the industry is responsible for all safety issues of the outsourced services. Observing and addressing the safety problems which go increase will be at the sight of industry. Some of the major issue like performances and accessibility. Because cloud computing brings with it new security challenges, it is essential for an organization to oversee and Administer in which manner the cloud servicer handles and prevent the computing environment and provides guarantee of safety. Incidents an event is any observable occurrence in a system or network. Events include a user connecting to a file, a server receiving a request for a Web page, a user sending electronic mail, and a firewall blocking a connection attempt. Unfavorable occasion are the one which has unhelpful results. For instance: crashes, network packet floods and unauthorized utilization. of system privileges, unauthorized access to sensitive data, and execution of malicious code that destroys data. A system safety occasion is actually a contravention or forthcoming danger of breach of system safety strategy, suitable utilization policies and modeled safety policies. The terminology for these incidents is helpful to the small business owner for understanding service and product offerings Denial of Service- An attacker directs hundreds of external compromised workstations to send as many ping requests as possible to a business network, swamping the system. Malicious Code- A worm is able to quickly infect several hundred workstations within an organization by taking advantage of a vulnerability that is present in many of the companys unpatched computers. Unauthorized Access- An attacker runs a piece of â€Å"evil† software to gain access to a servers password file. The attacker then obtains unauthorized administrator-level access to a system and the sensitive data it contains, either stealing the data for future use or blackmailing the firm for its return. Inappropriate Usage- An employee provides illegal copies of software to others through peer-to-peer file sharing services, accesses pornographic or hate-based websites or threatens another person through email. Incident Handling: Incident handling can be divided into six phases: preparation, identification, containment, eradication, recovery, and follow-up. Step 1: Preparation: In the heat of the moment, when an incident has been discovered, decision-making may be haphazard. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is an on demand software services in which user gets access to the required software thorough some intermediate client like browser using internet. Software platform and relevant files are stored centrally. It drastically reduces the total cost of software for the user as it does not require user to incur any infrastructure cost which include hardware installation cost, maintenance cost and operating cost. Subscribers of these services are only given limited control related to the desired software including any preference selection and administrative setting. They do not have any control over the underlying cloud infrastructure. Platform-as-a-Service. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is an on demand platform delivery model. In this user is provided with the complete software platform which is used by the subscriber to develop and deploy software. It also result in considerable saving for the subscriber as he does not have to incur costs related to buying and managing of complicated hardware and software components required to support the software development platform. The special purpose development environment is tailored to the specific needs of the subscriber by the cloud service provider. Good enough controls are given to the subscriber to aid in smooth development of software. Infrastructure-as-a-Service. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is an on demand infrastructure delivery services. In this host of computing servers, softwares, and network equipments are provided. This infrastructure is used to establish platform to develop and execute software. Subscriber can cut down his cost to bare minimum by avoiding any purchase of hardware and software components. Subscribers is given quite a lot of flexibility to choose various infrastructural components as per the requirements. Cloud subscriber controls the maximum security features. Figure illustrates the differences in scope and control between the cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Given central diagram shows the five conceptual layers of a cloud environment which apply to public clouds and other deployments models The arrows at the left and right of the diagram denote the approximate range of the cloud providers and users scope and control over the cloud environment for each service model. Cloud subscribers extent of control over the system is determined by the level of support provided by the cloud provider. Higher the support by cloud provider lower is the scope and control of the subscriber. Physical elements of cloud environment are shown by two lower layers of the diagram. These physical elements are completely controlled by cloud provider irrespective of the service model. The facility layer which is the lowest layer comprises of Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the physical plant whereas hardware layers comprises of network , storage and other physical computing infrastructure elements The logical elements of a cloud environment is denoted by other layers The virtualized infrastructure layer lead to software components, such as hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data storage, and supporting middleware elements required to setup a capable infrastructure to establish efficient computing platform While virtual machine technology is commonly used at this layer, other means of providing the necessary software abstractions are not precluded. Similarly, the platform architecture layer entails compilers, libraries, utilities, and other software tools and development environments needed to implement applications. The application layer represents deployed software applications targeted towards end-user software clients or other programs, and made available via the cloud. Iaas ans Paas as services are very close and difference between them is quite vague. Basically these are distinguished by the kind of support environment, level of support and control allocation between cloud subscriber and cloud provider. Main thrust of cloud computing is not only limited to single organization but also extends as a vehicle for outsourcing various components as public cloud. Delete the reason of the event. Position the latest clean back up (to prepare for the computer mending) Step 5: Recovery: This phase ensures that the system is returned to a fully operational status. The following steps should be taken in the recovery phase: Restore the system. Authenticate the machine The machine will be re-established then there should be the process of verification of the operations. After this the machine should be reverse to its normal behaviour. Organisation can take decision on leaving the monitor offline when the system is operating and patches installation. Watch the computer. When the monitor is reverse to online, it start the system for backdoors which avoids findings. Step 6: Follow-Up: This stage is significant for recognizing the message delivered and it will reduce the future happenings. Build the explained event report and gives the duplicates to the management. The operating units IT security Officer and the Department of Commerces IT Security Program Manager. Provide the optional alteration to the management. Execute the accepted activities. Post-Incident If the organization has a post-incident lessons learned process, they may want the cloud vendor to be involved in this process. What agreements will the organization need with the cloud provider for the lessons learned process? If the cloud provider has a lessons learned process, does management have concerns regarding information reported or shared relating to the organization? The cloud vendor will not be able to see much of the companys processes, capabilities or maturity. The company may have concerns regarding how much of its internal foibles to share. If there are concerns, get agreement internally first, then negotiate them, if possible, and have them written into the contract. If the vendor will not or cannot meet the customers process requirements, what steps will the organization need to take? An IH team collects and analyzes incident process metrics for trend and process improvement purposes. Like any other organization, the cloud provider will be collecting objective and subjective information regarding IH processes. As NIST points out, the useof this data is for a variety of purposes, including justifying additional funding of the incident response team. Will the organization need this IH process metric data from the provider to enable a complete understanding of the integration area in case the organization ever has a need to bring the cloud function back in-house? Will the organization need this data for reporting and process improvement in general? The use of this data is also for understanding trends related to attacks targeting the organization. Would the lack of this attack trend data leave the organization unacceptably exposed to risk? Determine what IH process metric data is required by the team and write it into the contract. The organization will need to decide if they require provisions with the cloud provider regarding their evidence retention policies. Will the vendor keep the evidence long enough to meet the organizations requirements? If not, will the organization need to bring the cloud vendors evidence in-house? Will the vendor allow the customer to take custody of the evidence? If the vendor retains the evidence longer than the customer policies dictate does this work create risk for the customer? If so, what recourse does the customer have? Legal counsel will need to provide direction in this area in order to ensure compliance with laws for all jurisdictions. Background: Cloud computing has built on industry developments dating from the 1980s by leveraging outsourced infrastructure services, hosted applications and software as a service (Owens, 2010). In the all parts, the techniques used are not original. Yet, in aggregate, it is something very different. The differences provide both benefits and problems for the organization integrating with the cloud. The addition of elasticity and pay-as-you-go to this collection of technologies makes cloud computing compelling to CIOs in companies of all sizes. Cloud integration presents unique challenges to incident handlers as well as to those responsible for preparing and negotiating the contract for cloud services. The challenges are further complicated when there is a prevailing perception that the cloud integration is â€Å"inside the security Edge or the organisation has been stated in written that a agreement needed the supplier to be safe, this must be sufficient. This sort of thinking may be naà ¯ve but, unfortunately, it is not rare. The cloud provider may have a great deal of built in security or they may not. Whether they do or not, incident handling (IH) teams will eventually face incidents related to the integration, necessitating planning for handling incidents in this new environment. The impacts of cloud integration warrant a careful analysis by an organization before implementation. An introduction of a disruptive technology such as cloud computing can make both definition and documentation of services, policies, and procedures unclear in a given environment. The IH team may find that it is helpful to go through the same process that the team initially followed when establishing their IH capability. Security Incident The term security incident used in this guideline refers to any incident related to information security. It refers to information leakage that will be undesirable to the interests of the Government or an adverse event in an information system and/or network that poses a threat to computer or network security in respect of availability, integrity and confidentiality. On the other hand, the worse incidents like natural calamity, power cuts and data line failure. . are not within the scope of this guideline, and should be addressed by the system maintenance and disaster recovery plan. Examples of security incidents include: unauthorized access, unauthorized utilization of services, denial of resources, disruption of services, compromise of protected data / program / network system privileges, leaks of classified data in electronic form, malicious destruction or modification of data / information, penetration and intrusion, misuse of system resources, computer viruses and hoaxes, and malicious codes or scripts affecting networked systems. Security Incident Handling Security incident handlingis a set of continuous processes governing the activities before, during and after a security incident occurs. Security incident handling begins with the planning and preparing for the resources, and developing proper procedures to be followed, such as the escalation and security incident response procedures. When a security incident is detected, security incident response is made by the responsible parties following the predefined procedures The safety events gave the response which is representing the actions accepted out to handle the safety events. These are mainly helpful to re-establish the common operations. Specific incident response teams are usually established to perform the tasks of making security incident response. When the incident is over, follow up actions will be taken to evaluate the incident and to strengthen security protection to prevent recurrence. The planning and preparation tasks will be reviewed and revised accordingly to ensure that there are sufficient resources (including manpower, equipment and technical knowledge) and properly defined procedures to deal with similar incidents in future. Cloud Service The outlook on cloud computing services can vary significantly among organizations, because of inherent differences These events as its main aim, assets held and open to the domestic risks faced and risk bearable. For example, a government organization that mainly handles data about individual citizens of the country has different security objectives than a government organization that does not. Similarly, the security objectives of a government organization that prepares and disseminates information for public consumption are different from one that deals mainly with classified information for its own internal use. From a risk perspective, determining the suitability of cloud services for an organization is not possible without understanding the context in which the organization operates and the consequences from the plausible threats it faces. The set of security objectives of an organization, therefore, is a key factor for decisions about outsourcing information technology services and, In specific, in order to make genuine decisions related to industries sources about the public cloud. The cloud calculating particular servicer and the service arrangements for the organization. There are lot of things which works for one industry but not for other. Not only this some pragmatic thoughtfulness. Many industries will not afford economically to save all calculative sources and possessions at all highest degree possible and must prioritize available options based on cost as well as criticality and sensitivity. When keeping the strong advantages of public cloud computing, it is indispensable to focus of safety. Significantly the safety of industry security goals is of major concern, so that the future decisions can be made accordingly. Finally the conclusion on the cloud computing rely on the risk analysis of the trade included. Service Agreements Specifications for public cloud services and service arrangements are generally called Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The SLA presents the thoughtfulness among the cloud subscriber and cloud provider related to the known range of services. This is to be delivered in the range that the servicer is not able to provide at different range defined. There are typical forms of a part of the different levels of services. The specific is the overall services contract or the services agreement. The terms of service cover other important details such as licensing of services, criteria for acceptable use, Provisional procrastination, boundaries of all responsibility, security policies and alterations in that period of service. The main aim of this report is the period of SLA which is utilize for the services agreement in its entity. There are two types of SLAs exists: i.e. which is non defined and non negotiable contract the other is negotiated agreement. Non-variable contracts is the many ways on the basis for the financial level which is enjoyed by the public cloud computing. The terms which are agreed fully by cloud provider but with some offerings, the service provider has also the capability to do the changes. Negotiated SLAs are more like traditional information technology outsourcing contracts. These SLAs can be employed to deal with corporations apprehension about technical controls, procedures, security procedures and privacy policy such as the vetting of employees,data ownership and exit rights, isolation of tenant applications, data encryption and segregation, tracking and reporting service effectiveness, compliance with laws and regulations (e.g., Federal Information Security Management Act), and the deployment of appropriate products following international or national standards (e.g., Federal Information Processing Standard 140-2 for cryptographic modules). A negotiated SLA for critical data and application might require an agency A negotiated SLA is less cost effective because of the inherent cost of negotiation which can significantly disturb and have a negative impact on the economies of scale, which is main asset a non-negotiable SLA bring to the public cloud computing. Result of a negotiation is based on the size of the corporation and the magnitude of influence it can exert. Irrespective of the type of SLA, it is very necessary to obtain pertinent legal and technical advice to make sure terms of service meets the need of the organization. The Security Upside While the biggest obstacle facing public cloud computing is security, the cloud computing paradigm provides opportunities for thinking out of the box solutions to improve overall security of the corporation. Small corporations are going to have the biggest advantage from the cloud computing services as small companies have limited staff and infrastructure support to compete with bigger organization on fronts of technology and economies of scale. Potential areas of improvement where organizations may derive security benefits from transitioning to a public cloud computing environment include the following: Staff Specialization. Just like corporations with large-scale computing facilities, cloud providers provides an break to staff toto specialize in security, privacy, and other areas of high interest and concern to the organization. Increases in the scale of computing induce specialization, which in turn allows security staff to shed other duties and concentrate exclusively on security issues. Through increased specialization, there is an opportunity for staff members gain in-depth experience, take remedial actions, and make security improvements more readily than otherwise would be possible with a diverse set of duties. Platform Strength. The structure of cloud computing platforms is typically more uniform than that of most traditional computing centers. Greater uniformity and homogeneity facilitate platform hardening and enable better automation of security management activities like configuration control, vulnerability testing, security audits, and security patching of platform components. Information assurance and security response activities also profit from a uniform, homogeneous cloud infrastructure, as do system management activities, such as fault management, load balancing, and system maintenance. Many cloud providers meet standards for operational compliance and certification in areas like healthcare (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)), finance (e.g., Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)) and audit (e.g., Statement on Auditing Standards No. 70 Resource Availability. The scalability of the cloud computing facilities permits the greatest consideration. Unemployment and calamity healing capability is building into the cloud computing surroundings. The different sources ability would be utilizing for better flexibility while facing higher demands or divided rejection of servicer and for faster improvement from Severe events When any event happens, the occasion survived again to collect the data. The large data is easily available with good explanation and less effect on construction. On the other hand the pliability might be having different results. For Instance: a non successful person divided the rejection of service attackers which can consume fast. Support and Improvement. The encouragement and revival strategy and processes of a cloud services might be better than that of the industry. In case the different duplicates are maintained in the assorted natural features can be healthier. Information stored within the cloud would be easily available which is easy to store and highly reliable. In different situation it proved to be maintained in a traditional information centre. In such situation, cloud services could means for offsite encouragement data collection. Mainly the network performance on the net and the usage of the data involved are preventing the issue which impacted the re-establishment. The structure of a cloud solution spreads to the consumer at the service endpoints. This utilizes to access the hosted submission. Cloud consumer is based on browser and on application. However the main calculative sources need to be held by the cloud provider. Consumer is normally low weight calculation and easily handled. The laptops, notebook and net books are well embedded devices like smart mobile phones, tablets and personal digital help. Information Awareness. Information prepared and developed in the cloud would be able to show low risk to the industry. There are lot of risk involved in the industry, different information are transferring on various systems. Portable systems or transferrable media is out in the field, where the loss of devices and theft occurs frequently. Many industries have made the evolution to handle the availability to the industry. So many industries have already made the evolution to hold the availability to the organizational information. In addition to calculating the stage or alternative for domestic submission and public cloud services like target on providing security and safety to other calculating surroundings. Information Midpoint Familiarize. Cloud services would be able to utilize the safety information centres. For instance: e-mail can be t

Essay --

It is difficult to ascertain the general view of an entire population towards another group of people. The opinion the British had for the American colonies was already negative as the colonists were generally viewed as second class citizens. The relationship declined after the Seven Years War. It was costly for Britain and they were forced to raise taxes in the colonies so as to financially recover. Many Americans were unwilling to pay and rebelled against the crown for it. King George III and majority of Britain viewed the Americans as ungrateful for their refusal and began to use force through their taxation. This would eventually lead to rebellious ideas forming in the colonies, but these ideas were treated as only belonging to a very small minority. Once the supporters for a revolution increased, it was falsely assumed that these â€Å"Yankees† were using bullying tactics to silence opposition. Another issue was that the damage from the war made it apparent to the British that a militia was not enough to protect their colonies from future enemies, so they had developed a large army to remain in America to protect their interests. However, maintaining an army can be costly, which is another reason taxes were so high for the colonists that most were unable to pay them. Their complaints were mostly ignored and taxes were collected through force. It was becoming apparent to colonists that they were nothing, but an economic resource to Great Britain, which would eventually lead to a revolution. This mentality that Americans are inferior to the British did not just sprout out of thin air. Although the colonies had become almost self-governing, many in Britain assumed this superiority complex due to the complete control they had over ... ...o this for the colonists. Instead, Americans were only able to exercise as much power as was granted to them by Parliament. There was no suggestion of colonial troops being developed to defend America. No leaders in Britain seemed to consider simply asking the colonists for financial aid, instead of just voting in taxes to forcefully place on them. A colonial government would only work with Britain if they could see a profit and there seemed to be no faith in colonial soldiers because they would operate under rules different to the British army. In fact, these prejudices were based on British interpretations of the early part of the Seven Year’s War. Failure to cooperate between British commanders and the colonial governments was common and sometimes hostile. The contributions that the colonists provided were mostly ignored, such as their provision of many troops.

Defense and National Stability

Having built your particular community what were some of the Issues you needed to consider. – Counter Terrorism and Irregular weltare: Acting in concert with other means of national power, we must continue to be strong and show other affiliates and adherents under constant pressure, wherever they may be. To achieve good counter terrorism and irregular, the strategies involve an increase in standard police and domestic intelligence and also technology. With good technology has, however, expanded the range of military and law enforcement operations.Countering rregular welfare, we need to be connected with the community and make sure there isn't any space left (like, swamps, jungle, forests, and hills) for them to have their people train and learn how to fight, or recruit members throughout the community. – Power projection (aka force projection): We need to have an area distant to form our own territory In order to maintain our ability to project power In areas In which o ur access and freedom to operate are challenged. This ability is a crucial element of a state's power in International relations.There are soft and hard power projections. oft power projections are securing sea lanes of communication, next Is non- combatant evacuation, or humanitarian, last is peace-keeping as military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement to an on-going dispute. Hard projections are compulsion deterrence, armed intervention or showing the flag which symbolic deployment of military forces toa region for the purposes of demonstrating political Interest, resolve or to take more forceful military actions. ? Environment: Globalisation has brought about an Increase in environmental egradation; some argue that it has also brought about an increase In awareness of environmental management. 2) What were some of the key considerations you had to bear In mind when you were bulldlng your society? – Operate effectivel y in cyberspace: In modern armed forces, we cannot conduct fast-paced, effective operations without reliable information and communication networks and assured access to cyberspace. o nowadays we need best supporung Infrastructure In order to face a range of threats that may destroy, disrupt or degrade assets. Therefore, we ould need to work with domestic and international allies and partners and endow In advanced capabllltles to defend our networks and resiliency towards cyberspace. – Counter weapons of Mass Destruction: Even though, how good our country Is, if ever there are people who make use of Illegal proliferation ot any type weapons operation.Our country may not be a safe and peace place. Thus, we need to implementa Cooperative Threat Reduction (Nunn-Lugar) Program, and planning and operations to locate, monitor, track, interdict and secure Weapons ot Mass Destruction and related omponents and the means and facilities to make them. 3) wnat Klnas 0T Tacllltles 010 you plan wnen you were DullOlng you community Heritage (Internal Security Department): To show the citizens about the threats from international terrorism, foreign subversion and espionage. Shelter and Radio Stations: Create Bomb Shelter, place to keep the family and people protected in order to avoid the outside disaster and stay safe for the time being. Having a Radio stations can allow the listeners to be well inform about what happen outside when in the bomb shelter has no power socket to plug in and watch he television also if have avoid overexposure to news rebroadcasts of the events. Television news of traumatic events can be particularly frightening to children, especially when it is viewed repeatedly.Thus, stay tuned to the local emergency response network or news station for up-to-date information and instructions. -Community Safety Centre: A place to give the people in the community to have a view on what happen when disaster strike. The centre comprises of the ‘house' plus a training room with full audio-visual facilities and remote handset quiz equipment to enhance the visit. ) How did you make the lives of your people colorful? – Common living space provided by public housing: Living together in the same neighborhood provides opportunities for people from different ethnic groups to interact. Have Community center and Shopping malls: Allow them to relax and learning new things in free time. – Have events and programs organized by grassroots organizations: Grassroots organization such as People's Association (PA) create common space through their wide range of programs and activities developed to cater to the needs and interests of every citizen. (Like home visits) 5) What are some easons for the rise of conflicts in societies and what would be some good means to resolve this? – Conflict over scarce resources: The natural resources of the world such as land, water, oil and fish are unequally distributed.Some countries have mo re of such resources while others have less. Those with less resource might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival and economic growth. -Conflicts over different ethnic groups: The lack of understanding among the racial groups can create suspicion and unhappiness among the people. This may lead to utbreaks of violence among ethnic groups. – To solve this, multi-racialism: The policy of multi-racialism promotes equality among the ethnic, with no special rights granted to any particular racial or religious group.Everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, regardless of their background. -Or, Common practices: An action that our country, everybody carries out together. Singing the national anthem, taking the pledge and attending flag rising ceremony. Talk about Bilateral ties and multilateral ties and military. We should adopt a natlonal securlty policy 0T deterrence supported Dy Olplomacy. Deterrence pollcy Is ased on being prepared for any form of threats while developing diplomatic relationships with as many countries as possible.Deterrence taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats. These threats may be carried out by countries or non-state aggressors such as transnational terrorists. Deterrence could be practiced using the following methods: 1) Citizen armed force: If our country could not afford a large professional army. Thus, our government could plan to build a citizen armed force through enlisting able-bodied men into army. Like National Service (NS); all able-bodied male citizens ere called up to serve full-time NS. Through it, our country learns to defend their country.Not only that, NS also helps men to bond as they share a common experience during their training. This bonding helps to develop in them a sense of loyalty, patriotism and a shared destiny for our Country. 2) Total defense: A way to involve everyone in the defense of the country. It can only be effective only when all citizens believe that the country is worth defending, and are involved in our defense efforts. So, potential aggressors will think twice about attacking Singapore if they now they face the entire nation and not Just the armed forces.Total defense consists of five aspects: Military, Civil, Economic, Social and Psychological defense. 3) Beside building up a strong defense force within the country, we got to actively fosters friendly ties with the armed forces of other countries. This is conducted mainly through bilateral and multilateral military agreements, Joint military exercises, training programs and participation in the UN peace missions. – Bilateral military agreements and exercises: We have to make agreements with various countries to allow our troops to train in their countries. Examples; New Zealand, Indian and others.In addition to these agreements, we also conducts regular military training with neighboring countries, these training activities increase cooperat ion and strengthen ties among the participating countries. – Multi-lateral: It is similar to bilateral but it is more towards global issues. Where the Defense ministers from number of different countries gather together and talk about international problems. Like in the event of an external threat against a particular country, members would consult one another on the appropriate measures to be taken to deter the aggressor.

Research paperpreed

This is why investment in education is considered to be vital for human resource development and the enhancement of the quality of manpower. It is clear that the composition and characteristics of this most crucial part of population goes along the way in the process of national velveteen of the policy makers and planners in their planning and decision making for the future. According to the Law, every child must attend a formal school were he/she wants. The government should ensure and support the education of every child. That's why the Department of Education offers free education to all.But this is not really applied by other institutions for they are concern on the salary of the teachers especially in private school. Public schools offer free tuition for enrollment for elementary but also in High School students. This may count for high enrollment in schools, although he enrollment has a high result, many poor families in unable to finance the ancillary school needs of their chi ldren. The reason why out of school youth happens because of the problems in the family that forces a teenager to work early that they shouldn't be.Department of Education has now a program for out of school youth which is the Alternative Learning System (AL S) in which all the non-scholars are given opportunity to pursue schooling. And even for those who are already married, they can still attend this program if they want to have a certificate that will help them find a better job. Also, for those who are dropped out in Elementary' and Secondary School may have a chance to attend the Tertiary level by passing the examination.SUMMARY The study entitled â€Å"Percentage of Out of School Youth in the year 201 1† who availed the ALAS program of Department of Education, aimed to determine the percentage of Out of School Youth. What are the factors that affect them to be dropped and what is their highest educational attainment. The respondents in this study have a total of 30 yout h. Out of this are 21 males and 9 females. To gather data, we conducted a questionnaire to the respondents. The data gathered were properly analyzed and interpreted accordingly.The statistical measures used were frequency and rank form. FINDINGS 18 out of 30 respondents attained in Secondary 6 out of 30 respondents are employed 4 out of 30 respondents attained in Tertiary 2 out of 30 respondents attained in Elementary Almost all the respondents want to continue their studies with the help of the program of Department of Education.

A Victorious Heart essays

A Victorious Heart essays All people will have to make at least one important moral decision in their life and it is up to them whether they go with the practical decision or rely on their heart. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, Huck has to make a decision that, throughout his journey down the river, will tear his conscience apart. He is faced with the dilemma of choosing whether or not to turn in Jim, a runaway slave whom he knew prior to this trip, or helping him to his freedom. As their adventure down the river progresses, Huck and Jim develop a friendship that makes Hucks decision of whether or not to turn him in more difficult. Huck finds himself traveling down a river with a man whom he has never truly gotten to know, but has respected him nonetheless. After Jim has Huck promise not to tell anyone, he then tells his story of how he ran away, which then surfaces the doubt that maybe Huck would tell someone because he now knows the whole story. Huck responds to this doubt, I said I wouldnt [tell], and Ill stick to it. Honest injun, I will. People would call me a low-down abolitionist and despise me (Twain 51). When Huck swears to keep his honesty he says it because he respects Jim, this trust is in no way out of friendship. He is more worried about being brought down in the society he lives in, more than helping Jim out. At this point his conscience has already started to be bothered and he has no idea what to do, but for right now he decides to just go with the flow of the river and hope things work out. He does not truly care for Jim as a friend, but he does not want to get caught because the tr uth about his fake death will then be revealed. At this point though, he does not look up to Jim and the only thing they have in common is the desire of freedom. As the beauty of nature on this trip down the river increasingly becomes stronger and more beautiful, so does Huck...

Revolutionary War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revolutionary War - Essay Example Washington never understood why slaves would freely choose to fight for their new home. The great majority of slaves only cared about their freedom, so joining the American colonists provided an avenue for this wish. The reason why more blacks joined the Loyalist forces is because they were offering freedom to those who fought. As a result, the Loyalist forces had more men to fight with and had the upper hand in the war. Thousands of blacks chose to side with the British forces because of the promise of freedom—something that the American colonists were not so willing to offer. George Washington barred the recruitment of black soldiers even though they had already fought with whites at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. This choice proved to be a terrible mistake—although not fatal. It took until the winter of 1777-78 for Washington to reconsider his earlier decision. The American colonists were losing the war and the Continental Army had fallen to only 18,000. Because of these circumstances, Washington finally decided to enlist a regiment of black slaves from Rhode Island. Even though Washington allowed blacks to join the war effort, they were used in basic capacities only. George Washington did not trust blacks at all—he believed that they would take advantage of their new found freedom and run away and desert the army. Washington came from a Southern background and felt that he had to appease South Carolina’s leaders over the issue of slavery. After the war had ended, Washington demanded that former slaves be sent back to their previous masters. This also included the blacks who had fought for the British Loyalists and were now considered American