Child discipline and corporal punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child discipline and corporal punishment - Essay Example Sometimes, objective advice is better acknowledged and turns out more indelible in the child’s mind compared to advise from one’s parents, which the child himself or herself may have already prejudged as prejudiced against him or her. Moreover, with other people scolding him or her, there is some degree of shame or embarrassment for the child. He will hopefully take this positively and make sure that he would never be in the same situation ever again. Furthermore, the child may also take this opportunity to voice out his or her emotions to a stranger, who he feels would be less judgmental and prejudiced compared to a parent who has known him or her for quite some time. Parents and school staff can learn how to use this method by trying to institute and impose it at home or at school. However, since this is only purely a personal idea of mine, then care should be taken to ensure that a psychologist has somehow expressed consent over this policy. Parents and school staff should also try to refrain from imposing power unjustly or from using sarcasm and public humiliation against the child. However, in the case of extremely defiant children, I would rather they be treated differently and they are brought to an institution where they meet equally defiant children or perhaps sent to a hospital for treatment. Ostracism or ignoring these defiant children, which is the point of my suggested alternative to corporal punishment, will simply make them find more allies and thus reinforce their behavior.

Young Children Growing Up in English-Using Communities Essay Example for Free

Young Children Growing Up in English-Using Communities Essay In this essay we will discuss what children growing up in English using communities have to learn about writing practices and how they learn it. Children are involved in the literate world around them long before the commencement of formal schooling (U211, Book 3, p.79). At a very young age, even during the first three years of their life, children interact with their surroundings and learn that written language can be used to accomplish many different things. For example, they can learn that shopping lists can help remember things which need to be bought, recipes can be followed to make their favourite foods, letters can used as tools of communication etc. (Pierce P.L). Czerniewska explains the concept of emergent literacy, which is a term used to convey a young child’s first discoveries of reading and writing, as a process whereby a child living in a literate community begins to become literate almost from birth via the world of environmental print. The Environmental print is the print of everyday life seen through symbols, numbers, and colours we see in familiar objects like signs for McDonalds, Tesco, Coca-Cola and various other websites etc. They offer an excellent entry point for young children to begin learning to read, write and do math. Environmental print is everywhere and children make concrete connection to it as they ‘read’ it within the context of their everyday life, their interests and background (Sharon MacDonald.com, 2012). In figure 3, when Alexandra is encouraged to write an invitation to a party, she produces pretend signs from the symbols she is familiar with. Literacy related activities which are familiar to the children in their social context are learnt by them at a very young age. For example, when Issac is asked to do some writing, he draws some squiggly lines and declares it is not writing (figure 1), but in figure 2 he is reminded of a familiar object, a greeting card he had written his name on previously and based on this he is able to write two letters. Most of the child’s exposure to the printed word happens in combination with the oral talk, and is more about the social organisation of people’s life instead of strictly being about reading and writing. Through these types of literary interactions children are not only learning about reading and writing, they are also learning about their family life and the purpose served by reading and writing (U211, Book 3, p.83). Czerniewska, in her narrative quotes Bruner, who contends that a child’s discovery of literacy is a collaborative process. He sees learning as a communal activity which involves sharing of culture. Because each child acquires different language varieties from different speakers, readers and writers, there is diversity among communities in which children learn to write and read English. Paths taken to literacy by children in different communities, thus varies from context to context (U211, Book 3, p.84). If learning is a communal event, it becomes important to note that not all communities see literacy in the same light. Different communities use variable patterns of written and spoken language in distinct ways for their daily literary events. Communities also vary in the types of literary practices they encourage and the value they place on the literacy itself. Child’s learning has to be viewed in the context of the community they are being raised in and environmental print they are exposed to in that particular community. One of the research studies quoted by Czerniewska in her chapter concludes that as the meaning of being literate can vary among communities its crucial not to ‘equate the form, function, and the meaning of literacy events across cultures, communities, or social groups. One consequence of this is that it is difficult to describe the process of becoming literate in English in general terms’ (U211, Book 3, p. 86). When learning to read and write and how writing is organised around them, children often take long and complicated routes. It is almost like process of trial and error. They try out different theories of organizing language and test it through their interactions with the adults to see what works and what does not. For example in figure 3, Alexandra has drawn many symbols which are known to her to make up an invitation for the party. Czerniewska believes that the writing that ‘goes on in the formative preschool years does not consist of unstructured doodles, rather, it provides evidence of children’s search for principles underlying the adult systems’ (U211, Book 3, p.86). Children begin to construct their writing system by looking at various written symbols. Symbols show children many possible ways a language can be represented. Children try to work out the meaning of these symbols, and their place in the adult system. As most communities are multicultural young English speaking children are not only exposed to English alphabet but also scripts like Chinese or Arabic, which they might see displayed in shops , menus etc. Due to this children are exposed to and observe more than written script and symbols used in one particular community. They are therefore able to represent words with symbols that are different than the way adults do it. ‘Numbers, letters, musical notation, non-English symbols and their own invented signs all occur side by side in collections of emergent writing’ (U211, Book 3, p. 88-89). In figure 3, Alexandra invitation is rich with environmental print she is probably exposed to in her community. Czerniewska quotes the study done by Yetta Goodman, who believes that children’s writing develops as a process of hypothesis making experimentation, and then refinement of these hypotheses. She noted that ‘every convention that has been adopted by written language users worldwide was being reinvented and tested by the group of very young (3 to 6 years old) language users’ (U211, Book 3, p.90). It appears that children assimilate the way the written script and symbols are used in their community; they then sort this information in their mind through experimentation in order to make sense of how written language is used in their community. It would seems that children who are trying to learn to write while being exposed to more than one scrip concurrently would find it more difficult to grasp either script. But when early writing explorations of such children is looked at it becomes apparent that these children from bilingual or multilingual families are able to develop two or more literacy systems alongside each other with relative ease (U211, Book 3, p. 94). Biliterate children develop the capability of recognizing what is important in each script and what really matters when distinguishing one character or letter from other (U211, Book 3, 94-95). Figure 3.7, depicts the bilingual child’s attempt at assimilating both languages into her world. This essay has looked at the concept of emergent learning, which is related to a young child’s early discovery of writing. It has been noted that children are involved in literacy almost since their birth through being exposed to environmental print.

Connection Of Biodiversity To International Relations Commerce Essay

Connection Of Biodiversity To International Relations Commerce Essay The connection between international relations and biodiversity can be linked to the evolution of both as globalization does too, which have brought among others, the increasing in international trade throughout last years. Its a fact that countries experience economic interdependence and that it is not equally shared; usually North developed countries demand raw materials or natural resources at low prices to produce goods, which later are going to be sell to southern or developing countries at higher prices; due to that southern countries are forced themselves to exploit their resources at the point that there is space for extinction rates and for biodiversity to decrease. The economic interdependence that countries are experiencing nowadays have caused high loss of biodiversity not only in flora, because of the high rates of deforestation, but also in fauna, as people even more are destroying habitats and exploiting at high levels the benefits that they could take from animals. All of that is part of an evidence to say that international relations and biodiversity are connected and also we can say that the first one can define the course of the last one; as international relations evolve, biodiversity may decrease. This is seem as a problem as international relations increase, globalization and international trade does too, and because of that, southern or commonly named developing countries which have around 20% of the worlds total biodiversity, have to exploit their natural resources, causing massive losses of species. Biodiversity is an important political issue because it depends on the relations among the most powerful economies in the world, which determines the levels of use or abuse on the natural resources available in the planet. Nowadays we are talking of interdependent capitalistic economies competing in the international arena, usually the most powerful developed countries influencing the decisions of not so developed ones. All of those changes in the worlds reality have generated changes in biodiversity too; the fact that specialization has increased as international trade does, developing countries have chosen to exploit their natural resources in order to supply developed countries the raw material they need for their manufactured goods. That in order to developing countries to expand their economies at any price, most of the times without having conscience of the consequences it might bring to the environment, even if they have that conscience, they doesnt have the economic resources to implement sustainable processes that let them exploit natural resources in a reasonable way, causing that way less extinctions or more losses on biodiversity. Reducing the rate of global biodiversity loss depends on the well management of the protected areas in the world, which represents only around the 10% of the worlds surface, which includes zones that were supposedly to be protected but in the daily use it result not be that way. The efforts of developing countries to conserve this zones usually seem to be compromise because of the bad manage they give to the financial aid, that they receive from some developed countries. Its common to find that those financial aids even if they represent some regulations and commitments, are often used in other issues or even fall in hands of corruption which in common in those developing countries. The problem for developed countries to create that kind of zones is that usually they dont have the space or they dont have the flora and fauna to protect. The issue from all of the above if that the protection from excessive use is not feasible as those natural resources represent an important part of th e countrys economy. So the solution is to use biodiversity but in a moderate way, creating protected areas and providing other options for local users. Some effective policies of protection for those areas dont need many economic resources, its enough to increase the surveillance and enforcing rules on those protected areas. But often that enforcement is not enough because the local users usually dont know where the limits are and the penalties they would receive for breaking the rules. One important element that can be useful is to create local conscience and also adapting local constituency and effective enforcement. Susanne Kleeman says in her article voices for biodiversity management in the 21st century that biodiversity management pays inadequate attention to the importance of governing institution, even if they are rules. Laws and policies are more likely to promote sustainable use and conservation of resources with the incorporation of institutions. Three factors are important for a successful conservation program: incorporating local values, ensuring consistency or rules and maintaining adequate enforcement. Due to the process of globalization, extinction rates are increasing worldwide because global warming and other human caused events; which is a reflection of the massive damage of the political and economic system has been causing. Many countries in the world promote free trade and globalization without taking care of the consequences or environmental effects, but without sustainable development policies; if it still going that way extensive trade and all that it brings into a country is going to end with all of the natural resources. In order to contribute to solve some of the environmental problems caused by international relations theres a need to create a new multilateral diplomacy because, as said by Hill, J in his article A new diplomacy for sustainable development; the challenge of global change, the environmental problems and the plans for their mitigations transcend political boundaries. So that way, countries can get into negotiations to integrate long-term perspectives in international policy more in a diplomatic environment that concerns about sustainability, cooperation and threats to the environment. This new way of diplomacy has already begun, first with the UN conference on the human environment in Stockholm in 1972, the with the Rio-Johannesburg process in 2002 and annual meetings and summits that have been realized to creating conscience and finding for solutions for more environmental friendly processes that can contribute with the global warming, which is a long term threat. Another important international actor additional to the multilateral diplomacy, are NGOs that have proven to be a very important actor when dealing with issues that have no frontiers such as environmental and biodiversity issues. Thats one of the most important reasons why NGOs must work together on redesigning the world order and put biodiversity and natural resources as hot topics on the international agenda and also in the political agenda of each country. Many international forums are opened for discussing biodiversity, in which the actors are competing to define priorities and choose the best tools for management of genetic resources, which nowadays have been one of the most important inputs of world economies because those are the raw materials of biotechnology companies. Two international agreements have emerged because of the lack of environmental regulations that is causing the extinction of those resources: the TRIPS and CBD convention on biological diversity. As coban said in his caught between state sovereign rights and properly rights: regulating biodiversity Both consider the problem of regulating to biological resources as an issue related to the capitalist relations but the difference is that the second one is a convention that seeks to protect the environment affirming that biological diversity is subject of national sovereignty, while the former one regulates biotechnology patents worldwide. The TRIPS states that intellectual property rights of corporations over genetic or biological resources are complementary in the process of capital accumulation, while CBD has been an effective awareness-raising tool. The CBD was adopted in 1992 during the Rio Summit and it recognizes the need to take action in the environmental issues, integrating the principles of equity and ethics in the use of biodiversity and also establishes that biological diversity is subject to national sovereignty; this convention has been ratified in 177 states and start its activities in 1993, focusing on the genetic resources and the access to them, technology transfers, financing of conservation policies and trade in genetically modifies organisms. One of the most important contributions of this convention is the fact that poor countries cant commit to preserve biodiversity unless developed ones provide them with technologies and financial aid, due to the use of processes that reduce abuses into the environment. This financial aid has been declining, and the international institutions and organizations that promote the protection of biodiversity has not proven to be an effective regulative framework. Nowadays international agreements are not the only involved, the private sector somehow seem to be more in favor of that sustainable development. International business coalitions also play a role in interactions between environmental regulations and private sector interests. Mainly there are 2 coalitions directly related to environmental issues, the international chamber of commerce and the global industry coalition. The former deals with biodiversity governance and environmental policies, and the latter have to do with biosafety negotiations; both of them have space in the international arena and the power to help biodiversity abuses to diminish at the international level. For international treaties and policies to work correctly, there has to be a support at the national level. Local governments have to share and implement the ideas that international treaties, policies, conventions, NGOs and other actors promote. As stated by Susanne Kleeman, biodiversity governance needs to be adapted to local conditions but aligned with global, regional and national frameworks and it calls for vertical linkages adapted to local conditions. The national government has to agree with the international politics in order to create some consistency and to share the same objectives. In conclusion, biodiversity and international relations have important connections because as more capitalistic becomes the world, natural resources are going to be exploited at much in order to satisfy the needs of trade of the developed countries. And in the other hand in order to survive economically and improve their status and living standards, developing countries would still abuse of the biodiversity with the objective of selling raw materials for the production of manufactured goods. If good conservation policies and treaties are not implemented, much of the diversity and natural resources we have probably will disappear, and after that theres not much to do. Finally unless environmental issues become central part in the international agenda, the world will suffer dramatic changes.

Capital Punishment Essay: Benefits of the Death Penalty :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

The Benefits of the Death Penalty Crime is everywhere. Wherever we look, we find criminals and crime. Criminals have become a part of our daily lives. Does this mean we let them be the darkness of our society? No, definitely not. Eliminating crime and criminals is our duty, and we cannot ignore it. Getting the rightly accused to a just punishment is very important. Some criminals commit a crime because they have no other option to survive, but some do it for fun. I do not advocate death penalty for everybody. A person, who stole bread from a grocery store, definitely does not deserve death penalty. However, a serial killer, who kills people for fun or for his personal gain, definitely deserves death penalty. Death penalty should continue in order to eliminate the garbage of our society. Not everybody deserves to die, but some people definitely do. I support death penalty because of several reasons. Firstly, I believe that death penalty serves as a deterrent and helps in reducing crime. Secondly, it is true that death penalty is irreversible, but it is hard to kill a wrongly convicted person due to the several chances given to the convicted to prove his innocence. Thirdly, death penalty assures safety of the society by eliminating these criminals. Finally, I believe in "lex tallionis" - a life for a life. Deterrence means to punish somebody as an example and to create fear in other people for the punishment. Death penalty is one of those extreme punishments that would create fear in the mind of any sane person. Ernest van den Haag, in his article "On Deterrence and the Death Penalty" mentions, "One abstains from dangerous acts because of vague, inchoate, habitual and, above all, preconscious fears" (193). Everybody fears death, even animals. Most criminals would think twice if they knew their own lives were at stake. Although there is no statistical evidence that death penalty deters crime, but we have to agree that most of us fear death. Suppose there is no death penalty in a state and life imprisonment without parole is the maximum punishment. What is stopping a prisoner who is facing a life imprisonment without parole to commit another murder in the prison? According to Paul Van Slambrouck, " Assaults in prisons all over US, both against fellow inmates and against staff, have more than doubled in the past decade, according to statistics gathered by the Criminal Justice Institute in Middletown, Connecticut" (Christian Science Monitor, Internet).

Clinical Psychologists In India Health And Social Care Essay

This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India followed by a suggested working paradigm of ethical criterions. Mental wellness services in India are plagued with fiscal restraints, deficiency of acknowledgment of clinical psychologists, widespread superstitious notion or ignorance, hapless educational preparation, and the deficiency of an organized and unified organic structure for the promotion of clinical psychological science. With due accent to these restraints, an moralss codification exemplar based on the four general rules of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) is suggested. Culture specific criterions are referenced and included from bing criterions in India, and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Keywords: Ethical motives, Clinical Psychology, India. Unified Ethical motives Code for Clinical Psychologists in India This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India. A paradigm of a working moralss codification is suggested, with mention to the bing criterions in India, the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical motives Code ( 2002 ) . The paper is divided into four subdivisions. Section 1 affirms the importance of holding an ethical codification for pattern. Section 2 delineates the present province of ethical behavior in India. Section 3 lists the structural and milieu considerations for pattern in India. Finally, subdivision 4 nowadayss a working paradigm of an ethical codification for pattern in India. The paper concludes with restrictions and suggestions for future work.Section 1: Importance of an Ethical motives codification: Why do we necessitate an moralss codification?The being of an moralss codification maintains public assurance ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; Fisher 2003 ) , educates professionals about outlooks of ethical and unethical behavior ( Fisher, 2003 ) , leads to allow intercessions ( Agarwal, 2010 ) , encourages grudges resort ( Fisher, 2003 ) , decreases external ordinance ( Fisher, 2003 ) and presents a line of defence in the instance of external engagement ( like jurisprudence ) ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Furthermore ethical pattern instills compassion and bravery, taking to a rewarding vocational and personal life ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, 2008 ) . An ethics codification is an indispensible tool for quality attention.Section 2: Ethical motives in India: PresentThis subdivision elucidates the current province of ethical pattern in India. Access to allow information was limited by scarceness of consistent and electronic information. The information presented here reflects available information. Overall there is limited consciousness about the services of clinical psychologists, yet there hav e been important betterments in handiness of clinicians in multiple scenes like general infirmaries, rehabilitation and mental wellness centres, vocational and educational organisations ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) . Three organisations that lay out some signifier of ethical rules for mental wellness practicians in India are the Indian Psychiatric Society ( IPS ) , the Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists ( IACP ) and the Rehabilitation Council of India ( RCI ) . The IPS adopted the ethical codification in 1985 and loosely divides the ethical rules into behavior between professionals and behavior of professionals with patients, important others and 3rd parties ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The IACP drafted a short and direct codification of behavior in 1993 and borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( Isaac, 2009 ) . The RCI lists clinical psychologists as one for the many rehabilitation professionals and adopted a codification of behavior in 1992, with generic guidelines. Common issues addressed by all three organisations are referrals, sentiments, consent, competency, confidentiality, client public assistance, 3rd party interactions, development and to a lesser extent research, adve rtizement and promotion ( Isaac, 2009 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; RCI, 1992 ) . Other relevant statute laws are the Consumer Protection Act ( 1986 ) and People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) that attempts to protect clients as consumers of mental wellness services. Overall, there are minimum resources to turn to ethical ailments in all three organisations. The moralss commission could either non be located on the web site or no formal grudge procedure was listed. Although IPS has made the most headway in puting up ethical criterions, ethical pattern is constrained by inadequacy in preparation and research ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Nevertheless, IPS maintains some control over the ethical pattern of its members since head-shrinkers have to obtain a licence for pattern. In the sphere of clinical psychological science, there is incompatibility in the being of and entree to an ethical codification due to multiple psychological science related organisations ( IACP, RCI, National Academy of Psychology etc ) , without equal inter organisational communicating. More significantly, there is no legal, licensing and accreditation organic structure for clinical psychologists ( Isaac, 2009 ; Prabhu and Shankar, 2004 ) . It is impossible to enforce an ethical codification of behavior unless the enrollment, licensing, legal position and accreditation of preparation plans are unified. Apparently, RCI is supposed to be the authorization for clinical psychologists fo r official pattern ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . However, the voluntary nature of engagement with the RCI acts as a hindrance to practicians who can pattern even without this association. The deductions of unmonitored pattern can be terrible, doing irreversible injury to clients.Section 3: Ethical motives in India: FutureThis subdivision delineates the considerations required at assorted degrees to assistance in the development of a incorporate moralss codification in India.Degree I: Structure:The hereafter of a incorporate ethical codification for India Clinical Psychologists rests on two factors. First, there is a demand for a primary organic structure for clinical psychological science that oversees professional enrollment, licensing and preparation. Isaac ( 2009 ) considers it to be incumbent on the IACP to keep professional criterions. This may be appropriate since this is a specific organisation for the promotion of clinical psychologi cal science. The IACP can promote inter organisational communicating and muster resources for national acknowledgment. This is a gigantic undertaking sing the bureaucratic set up of India. Second, most Indian universities tend to hold their ain moralss commissions ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . An attempt towards inter university consistence in bring forthing general guidelines can be started at the same time. Professionals in the field, and university moralss commissions can be encouraged to direct in ethical quandary encountered to the centralized organic structure ( IACP ) , as was done in the creative activity and alteration of the APA moralss codification ( Fisher, 2003 ) . This is to a great extent dependent on the co-operation among universities and professionals ; yet another dimension of being a ego regulating profession.Level II: Foundational Milieu:Moral and spiritual beliefs along with assistance from the legal system and human ri ghts Torahs have been used as ethical determination devising theoretical accounts in India ( Sharma, 2003 ) . The Supreme Court has intervened to reform the distressing conditions of institutionalised patients, and the human rights Torahs have brought in international monitoring ( Sharma, 2003 ) . Persons routinely fall back on the Hindu construct of â€Å" karma † or transmigration of psyche whereby an person ‘s destiny is dependent on good workss in past and present lives, and mental wellness is seen as an result of bad workss ( Sethi, Gupta and Lal, 1977 ) . Indiscriminate acceptance of a western moralss codification is inappropriate due to cardinal differences in constructs of enduring. Suffering as cardinal and cosmopolitan in the E is in resistance to the individualisation of mental unwellness in the West ( Neki, 1975 ) . Further, struggles between ego subject ( east ) and self look ( west ) means appropriate accommodations in western psychotherapeuticss that rely on consciousness and look ( Neki, 1975 ) .Level III: Basis:Three resources are used to develop a incorporate and working theoretical account of an moralss codification for Indian clinical psychologists: Existing ethical criterions in India ( IPS, IACP and RCI ) . The four guidelines set Forth in the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) . ( Respect for the self-respect of individuals and peoples ; Competent attention ; Integrity and Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society ) . The UDEPP is used as it was drafted in audience with assorted states ( including India ) and reflects cosmopolitan values in ethical pattern. Furthermore, the UDEPP was drafted to help in the development and alteration of moralss codifications all over the universe ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) and is easy accessible. The APA Ethics Code ( 2002 ) . APA guidelines have informally influenced Indian ethical criterions ( Agarwal, 2010: Isaac, 2009 ) turn outing its utility.Section 4: Prototype of Ethical Standards of Practice in IndiaDue to the extended diverseness ( rural/urban, socioeconomic position, faith, caste etc ) , the appropriate place for India to follow is universalism whereby there are certain implicit in similarities in persons, but differences in manifestation ( Leach and Harbin, 1997 ) . Universalism besides represents the nucleus foundation of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) whereby similarities across civilizations have been translated into ethical guidelines. Hence, the format of the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) which lists the wide general rules followed by more specific behavioural guidelines is worthy of emulation in India. Professionals can try to closely follow the aspirational values as a map of this diverseness. The four rules of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) are used as the steering foundation al values. The relevant rules of the IPS, IACP and RCI and embedded within these wide values. This paradigm represents the bare basic to turn to uniformity and consistence in ethical pattern.Respect for People ‘s Rights and DignityThis is the most cardinal and cosmopolitan criterion found across cultural and professional boundaries ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) justifying inclusion. This standard promotes encompassing diverseness ( i.e. riddance of favoritism based on an person ‘s age, gender, faith, ethnicity, abilities etc ) and esteeming the worth of an person ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . Specifically, this standard addresses privateness, confidentiality and informed consent. Privacy and confidentiality. Agarwal ( 2010 ) emphasizes the intimate nature of client information, and informing the client of complete confidentiality except in certain state of affairss. Family plays an of import function in intervention and hence attention should be taken to obtain informed consent before discoursing information with the client ‘s household or the client can be encouraged to confide in the household ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a developing construct as the person is treated as a portion of a unit instead than being completely independent. Widespread technological restrictions in the mostly agricultural society create complications with electronic medium and confidentiality. Breaching confidentiality in the instance of exigencies and tribunal orders with accent on documenting principle for action are borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Informed consent. This country is better formulated when compared to all other ethical criterions. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) raise the issue of â€Å" medical paternalism † where audience is considered as consent to intervention and the professional is expected to do determinations for the client. Blanket consent is rampant ( Agarwal, 2010 ) as most clients are sick informed about the nature of mental unwellness. The informed consent procedure so becomes built-in to chase awaying myths instead than as a defensive to legal liability in the US ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Though there are standard written informed consent processs that bring in consistence in pattern, there is no information on the utility of these paperss. Emphasis on leaving comprehensive information to the client and relations so they can do an â€Å" sceptered determination † is desirable ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegal, 2008 ) . The burden of finding the client ‘s competency to take portion in informed consent ever rests with the clinician ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of India ( 1987 ) permits the consent of relations for intervention and nonvoluntary hospitalization if the client is found incompetent ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of ( 1987 ) lists the standards of nonvoluntary hospitalization as danger to self or others, benefit from hospitalization and incompetency of the patient ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a clear case of the influence of jurisprudence in the mental wellness sphere ; the deductions being an addition in judicial engagement to the hurt of a ego regulating profession.2. Competent attentionThe act of bettering hurt is dependent on the professional ‘s capablenesss and therefore this standard warrants inclusion. The professional is expected to be good informed, monitor boundaries of competency and seek updated information from clip to cli p ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Competence includes attending to beneficence and non maleficence in behavior of human dealingss ( APA moralss codification, 2002 ) and personal competency. Harmonizing to beneficence and non maleficence, the professional is expected to move in the best involvement of the client by making no injury or minimising injury ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) , a head-shrinker has the duty to make no injury to the patient emotionally, physically and sexually. Sexual activity with a client, client ‘s important others and former clients is unethical ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Agarwal ( 2010 ) further suggests avoiding a non curative relationship with the client wholly. The Indian criterions are conservative when compared to the APA ethical criterions of a two twelvemonth moratorium period before originating sexual contact. Future Indian ethical pattern demands to turn to countries of concern with clients and multiple function relationships in smaller communities as extensively addressed by the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Indian professionals will frequently meet restrictions in competency due to a deficiency of r elevant diverseness preparation. Compulsory rural and urban practicum preparation may assist fix the professional. Veereshwar ( 2002 ) mentions the historical and culture-specific â€Å" guru-shishya † paradigm in therapy that equates a clinical psychologist to a friend, philosopher and usher, whereby the â€Å" guru † gives penetration to the â€Å" shishya † . There is some disagreement between the paradigm of â€Å" guru shishya † and allowing liberty to the client, which is complicated by medical paternalism. Indian professionals have to do a conjunct attempt to bifurcate information from direct suggestions. Personal competency or self care whereby professionals are to place state of affairss in which their personal issues interfere with their work ( Fisher, 2003 ) may be limited due to the famine of mental wellness professionals. IACP recommends referrals as appropriate ( Isaac, 2009 ) .3. IntegrityHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , professionals participate in unfastened and honest communicating to keep public assurance and judiciousness in keep backing information to protect safety and confidentiality ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . The Indian moralss codifications have specifically focused on psychiatric diagnosings as a possible are of concern. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) strongly promote the usage of psychiatric diagnosing merely for clinical appraisal and intervention. This is in visible radiation of the abuse of diagnosing to hold undue power over the client ( Agarwal, 2010 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . This dimension is non listed in the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) and UDEPP ( 2010 ) perchance due to the overdone stigma and ill informed multitudes in India. Agarwal ( 2010 ) high spots alone state of affairss whereby important others ‘ of patients have inquiries about client ‘s matrimony, the consequence of mental unwellness on work, household, and the communicability of the unwellness. He cautions against publishing certifications of saneness requested by household to assistance in work and matrimony procedures. Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends cautiousness and equal coaction in these issues. False promises or keep backing information to minimise the agony of the patient frequently dud ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Integrity besides involves turning away of unwise or ill-defined committednesss ( Fisher, 2003 ) .4. Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to SocietyHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , this criterion provides the larger context for the pattern of clinical psychological science wherein a duty towards the society is ingrained ( Gauthier , Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . This duty can be reflected in parts to research, continuing highest ethical pattern, and developing ethical consciousness ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) , which makes for an accountable professional. The People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) efforts to supply equal instruction, employment and lodging chances for the mentally sick therefore incorporating mental wellness consumers into mainstream society. Meanwhile, sensitisation to ethical issues at educational institutes will lend to self monitoring persons. Isaac ( 2009 ) identifies the deficiency of answerability as the primary issue in India. This in bend is dependent on the being of an enforceable ethical codification for clinical psychologists which is obstructed by the deficiency of a incorporate government organic structure.DecisionThe suggested paradigm is limited by deficiency of specificity. However puting up a simplified, incorporate and enforceable papers is the first precedence . This is in bend dependant on the puting up of a centralised professional organisation. Meanwhile the suggested paradigm is developed to bring forth involvement and highlight the importance of ethical pattern as portion of quality attention. In the absence of clear, enforceable and applicable ethical rules, Agarwal ( 2010 ) suggests staying by the aureate regulation of â€Å" Do unto others † . Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends consciousness of one ‘s philosophical place to counter twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours ethical quandary irrespective of the ethical guidelines.

Bentley starts Essay

Question 1: Bill visits a local car auction and is immediately attracted to a red car labeled ‘Ferrari 1979’ which he purchases from peter. Peter is not a car expert but he has borrowed a book from the library and identified the car as a 1979 model. Bill also sees a classic Bentley which is owned by James, a qualified car mechanic. James informs Bill that the Bentley is operating perfectly on the way to the auction. Bill wanders off to look at another car and in his absence, the engine of the Bentley starts emitting smelly black smoke. However, by the time Bill returns, the smoke has temporarily cleared and he pays James the full price for the car. Subsequently, Bill discovers that the Ferrari is a fake but he crashes it while showing off to his girlfriend. It is a total write of further. He discovers that the engine in the Bentley is faulty. His mechanic manages to undertake some minor repairs to keep the engine running temporarily but warns Bill that in the long run he will need a new engine. Advice Bill. Question 2: Gethin runs a hotel at a popular seaside resort. He decides to expand his hotel by adding an extension but his accountant warns him that it will only be economical if built in time for the summer season. His contract with Bob, a local builder, contains the following conditions: 1) The extension will be built by 1 April 30 to be payable for each day’s delay thereafter. 2) The extension must be built using local materials as specified in Gethin’s attached list of specifications. 3. The floor must be fitted by a specialist flooring contractor to be nominated by Gethin. On April 30, the extension is still attractive. He is extremely annoyed to find out that the floor had not been fitted by Unique Floor Ltd, the firm he nominated and there are now large cracks in its surface. He is distressed by the whole experience and in fit of anger, dismisses Bob and hires Jack to complete the work. Jack, seizing the opportunity charges Gethin with a double rate for the work. Bob and Jack are now demanding payment form Gethin . Advise Gethin Advice 1: As an initial move, Bill should approach James as soon as possible and inform him about the condition of the Bentley. As a merchandiser, it is James responsibility to address Bill’s query regarding the car and help him resolve the problem. In addition, James also has the obligation to provide a concrete description of the products that he is offering. He has to be honest in his service and he should not lie to customers for the sake of making more money or else he might suffer from consequences after. Even if the mechanic has done temporary repairs on the Bentley, the possibility of acquiring new engine and spending additional cost in the long run makes the situation harder for Bill. It is also not reasonable to say that James has no responsibilities on the car anymore since it is already bought because of the car has been damage even before it is bought. According to the law of consumer rights, the merchandiser has the obligation to sell products that are described correctly including the damages that the products may have. The consumer also has the right to return a product if the consumer discovered any failure right after the product’s purchase (ANL 2009). Applying to Bill’s case, James lied to Bill about the condition of the car prior to purchase so James has right to return the car and ask for reimbursement if ever the car’s engine is not changed. On the other hand, the case of the Ferrari is different. Bill should have informed Peter about the situation earlier so that the issue has been resolved. As a customer, Bill has the right to return the car but since the car has been damaged because of his fault, his right has been void (ANL 2009). It is true that Peter has lied and Bill can still pursue to take legal actions against him. However, the possibility of any reimbursement is low due to Bill’s mistake of damaging the car due to his irresponsible actions. Through a legal process, he can still acquire an amount of money from Peter as a reimbursement but it will not be the same amount that he paid due to the damages on the car that he also has to pay. Advice 2: Gethin can solve by having a negotiation with Jack about the rate of work. Even though Jack is selected to finish the work, it is his ethical responsibility to avoid taking too much advantage of the situation. As a professional, Jack has a duty to render service for the benefit of his and his client’s party. He should price the service based on its regular price and not based on other unreasonable reasons (Thomson Reuters 2009). Through a business negotiation, Gethin should explain the situation to Jack and convince him to agree with his proposed rate. Both of them should present their oown proposal of price and be able to defend it. Gethin should explain that since it is just a completion work, the rate should not be very high. He should also identify the conditions and present it clearly so that any misunderstanding can be avoided. However, if Jack still did not agree, then the best way that Gethin can do is to look for other company that can finish the work and agree with his terms. Since it will be just a completion work, other companies will surely accept the project given that Gethin offers a reasonable rate. Business will still be business and as an entrepreneur, Gethin should know his limitations in terms of offering rates so that he will not end up spending a huge amount of money for the project. On the other hand, Gethin can sue Bob for not complying with the contract. The fact that Bob agreed on the contract gave him an obligation to follow it and be subjected to rules. In any business, contracts are considered as legal documents and are subjected to agreement between two parties. Anyone who disobeys can be sued and will be subjected to penalties depending on the case (Thomson Reuters 2009). Bob, as a contractor, should know about the consequences of not complying with the contract. If Bob is proven to guilty, then he will be liable to pay a certain amount to Gethin to cover the damages that he made and he might also lose his work license. References: Thomson Reuters. 2009. Contract and the Law. Available at http://smallbusiness. findlaw. com/business-forms-contracts/business-forms-contracts-overview-law. html Associated Newspapers Limited (ANL). 2009. Consumer Rights. ThisIsMoney. co. uk. Available at http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/help-and-advice/advice-banks/article. html? in_advicepage_id=130&in_article_id=395991&in_page_id=90